A COMPARISON OF SOME DYNAMIC,LINEAR AND POLICY ITERATION METHODS FOR RESERVOIR OPERATION1

Within the past few years, a number of papers have been published in which stochastic mathematical programming models, incorporating first order Markov chains, have been used to derive alternative sequential operating policies for a multiple purpose reservoir. This paper attempts to review and compare three such mathematical modeling and solution techniques, namely dynamic programming, policy iteration, and linear programming. It is assumed that the flows into the reservoir are serially correlated stochastic quantities. The design parameters are assumed fixed, i.e., the reservoir capacity and the storage and release targets, if any, are predetermined. The models are discrete since the continuous variables of time, volume, and flow are approximated by discrete units. The problem is to derive an optimal operating policy. Such a policy defines the reservoir release as a function of the current storage volume and inflow. The form of the solution and some of the advantages, limitations and computational efficiencies of each of the models and their algorithms are compared using a simplified numerical example.     

REGIONALIZATION AND PREDICTION OF FLOODS IN THE FRASER RIVER CATCHMENT,B.C.1

Probability distributions that model the return periods of flood characteristics derived from partial duration series are proposed and tested in the Fraser River catchment of British Columbia. Theoretical distributions describing the magnitude, duration, frequency and timing of floods are found to provide a goof fit to the observed data. The five estimated parameters summarizing the flood characteristics of each basin are entered into a discriminant analysis procedure to establish flood regions. Three regions were identified, each displaying flood behavior closely related to the physical conditions of the catchment. Within each region, regression equations are obtained between parameter values and basin climatic and physiographic variables. These equations provide a satisfactory prediction of flood parameters and this allows the estimation of a comprehensive set of flood characteristics for areas with sparse hydrologic information.     

功能区噪声自动监测有效时间的确定

噪声自动监测在中国才刚刚起步,其各项规范还没有随之确立,这就需要进行一系列的噪声自动监测实验,以获得各项规范确立的指标。通过在四个类别的标准适用区进行的噪声监测试验,利用获得的试验数据进行统计分析,找出噪声Leq小时值的统计特征,对四个类别的标准适用区各日标准方差进行计算,获得标准方差最大与最小对应的日期,分别对其进行小时噪声等效声级进行抽样,以确定功能区噪声自动监测有效时间。经计算对任一类别的适用区日均值的获得至少需要连续监测,也就是功能区噪声自动监测有效时间是18个小时以上。     

开封市西区污水处理厂升级改造工程建设和运行

开封市西区污水处理厂在一期"三沟式氧化沟"工艺基础上增加了后续深度处理工艺,使二期改造工程达到了提标升级要求。实践表明:采取"三沟式氧化沟+絮凝沉淀+纤维转盘滤池+二氧化氯消毒"工艺可保证污水厂的出水水质稳定达一级A排放标准,吨水能耗比改造前仅增加了0.04k Wh,电耗和药剂费吨水成本增加在0.1元左右,该改造工艺可在采用氧化沟工艺的污水处理厂的提标升级改造中推广应用;总结的改造技术及调试和运行经验对提标升级改造工程的实施具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Photocatalytic mineralization of glyphosate in a small-scale plug flow simulation reactor by UV/TiO2

The present work involves the photocatalytic mineralization of glyphosate on a plug flow reactor by UV/TiO₂. The effect of catalyst loading shows an optimal value (0.4 g L^?1) which is necessary to mineralize glyphosate. The kinetic rate of glyphosate mineralization decreases with the increasing initial concentration of glyphosate, and the data can be described using the first-order model. An alkaline environment is conducive to glyphosate mineralization. The mineralization efficiency increases with elevated flow rate to 114 mL min^?1, which is followed by a decrease with a further increase in flow rate due to the reduction of the residence time. The presence of external oxidants (K₂S₂O₈, H₂O₂ and KBrO₃) and photosencitizer (humic acid) can significantly enhance glyphosate mineralization. Photocatalysis oxidation ability of the three studied oxidants decrease in the order of: S₂O₈ ^2? > BrO₃ ^? > H₂O₂. Finally, the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L-H) model was used to rationalize the mechanisms of reactions occurring on TiO₂ surfaces and L-H model constants were also determined.     

SBR处理城市生活污水的试验研究

通过序批式活性污泥法 ( SBR)工艺处理城市生活污水的试验 ,研究了不同操作方式对处理效果的影响并得出最佳运行参数。当采用最佳操作方式运行时 ,COD、TP、TN的去除率分别为 90 % ,90 % ,75 %以上 ,出水能达到国家一级排放标准。     

双燃料发动机瞬态工况HC排放特征

采用双燃料增压中冷发动机,模拟了不同转速、转矩、进气流量以及进气温度对HC排放的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内HC排放会随着进气流量和转速增加而升高,随转矩和进气温度的增加而减小。1 600 r/min时HC排放水平高于其他各转速,此转速对应的最高HC排放水平进气流量、转矩和进气温度分别为80 kg/h、30 N·m和28℃。对1 600 r/min下各参数进行拟合得出了最大HC排放水平对应的进气流量、转矩和进气温度,拟合效果较好。通过相关性分析,进气温度、转速和进气流量对HC排放影响显著,转矩对HC的排放影响不明显。     

Process conditions of preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalysttypes, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst of the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size (φ) was 0.833 mm×0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235℃ and 5 Mpa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield is 0.418 g/g cornstalk. The study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk)gas.     

家具制造业作业条件危险性评价

家具制造业属于劳动密集型企业,家具生产机械化程度相对较低,工伤事故发生频繁,因此作业条件危险性研究尤为重要。在对家具制造业机加工车间11种典型作业位置作业条件调查的基础上,首先根据文献分析与现场调查家具生产中的事故类型,归纳总结出机加工车间的四种危险事件;其次在危险指数的基础上,综合考虑危险事件的发生频率,提出加权危险指数的概念;第三使用行为抽样法观测各作业位置危险事件的发生频率,分析各作业位置危险事件发生事故的可能性及其严重程度,确定加权危险指数各指标参数;最后采用加权危险指数评价家具制造业机加工车间11种典型作业位置作业条件的危险性,找出各作业位置的安全隐患,提出安全措施建议,以希为安全管理提供依据,降低家具制造业生产事故的发生。     

构建新型工业化环保支持系统

本文论证了环境保护在实施新型工业化战略中的地位和作用，提出了在推进新型工业化中构筑环保支持系统的意见。