试验环境下耐高温噪声测量技术概述

本文针对试验环境下的耐高温噪声测量,介绍了加装冷却水套、光纤传声器、等离子体传声器以及声波导管等四种噪声测量技术,简述了每种技术的基本原理,并用实例介绍了每种技术的应用情况。其适用的环境条件不同,性能也有差别,工程应用时应根据具体试验工况进行相应的选择。     

Impact of perceptual countermeasures on driving behavior at curves using driving simulator

Objective: The probability of crash occurrence on horizontal curves is 1.5 to 4 times higher than that on tangent sections. A majority of these crashes are associated with human errors. Therefore, human behavior in curves needs to be corrected.

Methodology: In this study, 2 different road marking treatments, optical circles and herringbone patterns, were used to influence driver behavior while entering a curve on a 2-lane rural road section. A driving simulator was used to perform the experiment. The simulated road sections are replicas of 2 real road sections in Flanders.

Results: Both treatments were found to reduce speed before entering the curve. However, speed reduction was more gradual when optical circles were used. A herringbone pattern had more influence on lateral position than optical circles by forcing drivers to maintain a safe distance from opposing traffic in the adjacent lane.

Conclusion: The study concluded that among other low-cost speed reduction methods, optical circles are effective tools to reduce speed and increase drivers’ attention. Moreover, a herringbone pattern can be used to reduce crashes on curves, mainly for head-on crashes where the main problem is inappropriate lateral position.     

激光点火器耐压密封及其影响

目的促进激光点火技术在安全弹药领域的应用。方法从激光点火器作用后承受高动态压力的需求出发,研究基于玻璃封接技术的激光点火器密封性能及其影响因素。确定采用箱式电阻炉对激光点火器壳体与透镜间进行玻璃密封的温度为430℃,保温时间为13～15min。对不同始发装药、不同密封工艺的激光点火器透镜发火后,其表面光学膜层变化、与激光点火器相连接的光纤端面损伤程度进行分析,研究点火前后承受气压性能变化。结果始发装药为BPN等点火类药剂时,激光点火器具有较高的动态密封性能,可稳定达到30 MPa下2 min不泄露;始发装药为BNCP等起爆类药剂时,随着装药量的增大,密封性能变差。结论改善玻璃封接工艺有利于提高密封性,如封接长度变长,发火后耐压密封性会有所提升。     

基于典型站位AERONET数据气溶胶类型分析

气溶胶是影响大气环境的重要因素,气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）是气溶胶的重要光学特征参数之一,气溶胶类型分析可以对区域大气研究提供科学依据.基于2015年12月—2019年11月AERONET数据选取的11个典型站位不同波段的AOD进行层次聚类分析,将所选站位最终划分为北京、沿海、太湖、西藏4个区域.然后基于图形分类法划分为6种气溶胶类型（清洁、沙漠粉尘、大陆、次大陆、城市工业和生物质燃烧型）.北京区域主要的气溶胶类型为城市工业型和大陆型,其中冬季主要为大陆型和清洁型、春季为大陆型和城市工业型、夏季和秋季主要为城市工业型气溶胶;沿海区域主要的气溶胶类型为大陆型气溶胶,其中冬、夏和秋季主要为大陆型和清洁型、春季主要为城市工业型和大陆型气溶胶;太湖区域城市工业型气溶胶占比最多,为41.96%,冬、春和夏季主要为城市工业型气溶胶,秋季主要为大陆型气溶胶;西藏区域清洁型气溶胶占比为80.53%,春夏秋冬四季以清洁型气溶胶为主.     

高效液相色谱和离子色谱在形态分析中的应用

本文综述了高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）和离子色谱（ＩＣ）在形态分析方面的应用，包含：元素的价态分析、有机金属化合物的形态确定、元素存在状态确定、对映体化合物的分离与鉴定。附参考文献１３３篇。     

RESIDENCE TIME OF WATER DISCHARGING FROM THE HANGING GARDENS OF ZION PARK1

ABSTRACT: The Hanging Gardens are a unique feature of Zion National Park. Knowledge of the source and residence time of water discharging from the Hanging Gardens is necessary to help preserve these features. Ground-water chemical and isotopic data distinguish the discharge from seeps and springs into two groups, one of low and one of high conductivity. Water with low conductivity likely originates as recharge near the seeps and springs, and it only interacts with the Navajo Sandstone. High conductivity water, on the other hand, originates as recharge on the tops of plateaus to the east, where it interacts with marine rocks of the Carmel Formation. Carbon dating of these ground waters indicates that the low conductivity water is essentially modern recharge, while the high conductivity water was recharged 1,000 to 4,000 years ago.     

HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF LANDSAT IMAGERY USED IN THE STUDY OF THE 1973 INDUS RIVER FLOOD,PAKISTAN1

ABSTRACT: During August and September 1973, the Indus River Valley of Pakistan experienced one of the largest floods on record, resulting in damages to homes, businesses, public works, and crops amounting to millions of rupees. Tremendous areas of lowlands were inundated along the Indus River and major tributaries. Landsat data made it possible to easily measure the extent of flooding, totaling about 20,000 km² within an area of about 400,000 km² south from the Punjab to the Arabian Sea. The Indus River data were used to continue experimentation in the development of rapid, accurate, and inexpensive optical techniques of flood mapping by satellite begun in 1973 for the Mississipi River floods. The research work on the Indus River not resulted in the development of more effective procedures for optical processing of flood data and synoptically depicting flooding, but also provided potentially valuable ancillary information concerning the hydrology of much of the Indus River Basin.     

ESTIMATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER FROM SECCHI DISK DEPTHS1

ABSTRACT: Optical information on a water body is often required when only Secchi disk depths are available. Many limnologists and water managers have attempted to estimate diffuse light attenuation in water from Secchi depth data assuming a simple inverse relationship. However, we show theoretically that the product of Secchi depth and the diffuse attenuation coefficient is markedly dependent on the reflectance coefficient (“brightness”) of water. Data from 28 New Zealand lakes of diverse optical character demonstrated this dependence over a wide range of reflectance (1.1 to 35.9 percent). Uncritical estimation of attenuation coefficients for diffuse light from Secchi depths, using the currently available simple inverse expressions, is discouraged because of the possibility of bias.     

Pesticide and Transformation Product Detections and Age‐Dating Relations from Till and Sand Deposits1

Abstract:  Pesticide and transformation product concentrations and frequencies in ground water from areas of similar crop and pesticide applications may vary substantially with differing lithologies. Pesticide analysis data for atrazine, metolachlor, alachlor, acetochlor, and cyanazine and their pesticide transformation products were collected at 69 monitoring wells in Illinois and northern Indiana to document occurrence of pesticides and their transformation products in two agricultural areas of differing lithologies, till, and sand. The till is primarily tile drained and has preferential fractured flow, whereas the sand primarily has surface water drainage and primary porosity flow. Transformation products represent most of the agricultural pesticides in ground water regardless of aquifer material – till or sand. Transformation products were detected more frequently than parent pesticides in both the till and sand, with metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid being most frequently detected. Estimated ground‐water recharge dates for the sand were based on chlorofluorocarbon analyses. These age‐dating data indicate that ground water recharged prior to 1990 is more likely to have a detection of a pesticide or pesticide transformation product. Detections were twice as frequent in ground water recharged prior to 1990 (82%) than in ground water recharged on or after 1990 (33%). The highest concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and their transformation products, also were detected in samples from ground water recharged prior to 1990. These age/pesticide detection relations are opposite of what would normally be expected, and may be the result of preferential flow and/or ground‐water mixing between aquifers and aquitards as evident by the detection of acetochlor transformation products in samples with estimated ground‐water ages predating initial pesticide application.