Aerosol optical properties and the mixing state of black carbon at a background mountainous site in Eastern China

In-situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted at Mt. Huang from September 23 to October 28, 2012. Low averages of 82.2, 10.9, and 14.1 Mm~(-1) for scattering coefficient(σ_(sp, neph, 550)), hemispheric backscattering coefficient(σ_(hbsp, neph, 550)), and absorption coefficient(σ_(ap, 550)), respectively, were obtained. Atmospheric aging process resulted in the increase of σap, 550 but the decrease of the single scattering albedo(ω_(550)) at constant aerosol concentration. However, the proportion of non-light-absorbing components(non-BCs) was getting higher during the aging process, resulting in the increase of aerosol diameter, which also contributed to relatively higher σ_(sp, neph, 550) and ω_(550). Diurnal cycles of σ_(sp, neph, 550) and σ_(ap, 550) with high values in the morning and low values in the afternoon were observed closely related to the development of the planetary boundary layer and the mountain-valley breeze. BC mixing state, represented by the volume fraction of externally mixed BC to total BC(r), was retrieved by using the modified Mie model.The results showed r reduced from about 70% to 50% when the externally mixed non-BCs were considered. The periodical change and different diurnal patterns of r were due to the atmospheric aging and different air sources under different synoptic systems. Local biomass burning emissions were also one of the influencing factors on r. Aerosol radiative forcing for different mixing state were evaluated by a "two-layer-single-wavelength" model,showing the cooling effect of aerosols weakened with BC mixing state changing from external to core-shell mixture.     

1961-2013年四川盆地气溶胶光学厚度的长期变化及与气温的联系

首先分别对西南地区84个气象站1980年前后的能见度资料进行了均一性处理,建立了各站1961-2013年的能见度长序列数据,再结合水汽压、天气现象资料反演建立了1961-2013年西南地区的气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）长时间序列资料,研究了四川盆地的气溶胶光学厚度的长期变化及其与气温的关系.结果表明,西南地区AOD在四川盆地形成一高值区,四川盆地AOD明显大于云贵高原和川西地区.四川盆地AOD阶段变化明显,从1961-1996年不断增加,线性增加趋势十分显著,高达0.046/10 a,尤其是从1980年代到1990年代中期显著增加且维持在较高值,到1990年代中后期（1996年左右）转为下降趋势.四川盆地在1997年左右开始的显著增暖比全国和全球1980年代中期开始的增暖明显滞后,气溶胶的冷却效应在一定程度上可以解释四川盆地在1980年代至1990年代中期气温偏低.从季节来看,春季AOD的显著增加与四川盆地春季气温变冷的关系相比其它季节更密切.此外,四川盆地AOD与气温日较差存在显著的负相关关系,AOD从1961-1996年不断增加,对四川盆地温度日变化幅度有明显减缓作用.从季节来看,春季AOD与气温日较差的负相关关系相比其他季节更为明显.     

亚洲地区MODIS和Himawari-8细模态气溶胶产品验证及其时空分布分析

利用AERONET观测网数据,结合MODIS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)及Himawari-8(新一代地球同步气象卫星)的气溶胶产品分析了亚洲41个站点2015—2016年细模态气溶胶光学特性.结果表明,MODIS和Himawari-8反演气溶胶细模态比例(FMF)及细模态气溶胶光学厚度(fAOD)落在误差区间EE(期望误差)内的比例均不超过80%,其中8个典型站点则不超过50%,总体上MODIS要优于Himawari-8,但与AERONET地基观测资料相比还存在一定的误差.因此,需要进一步研究反演方法,提升地表反射率的确定精度,从而提高卫星遥感反演精度.通过季节平均的比较,发现春、夏、秋、冬四季MODIS和Himawari-8的反演值均有所低估,MODIS fAOD各季节平均偏差相对较小.Himawari-8 FMF秋季在Dhaka_University站的平均偏差较大,MODIS FMF春、冬季的平均偏差最大值相对较大,夏、秋季则相对较小;对于同一站点在相同季节均为Himawari-8 fAOD偏差较大,并且MODIS fAOD各季节的平均偏差最大值均小于Himawari-8 fAOD的偏差值.同时,利用卫星观测分析了亚洲地区FMF和fAOD年均及季节平均分布特征,发现MODIS和Himawari-8 FMF年均分布高值区主要位于华北平原、东北平原、四川盆地和中南半岛,MODIS fAOD年均分布高值区主要位于中南半岛,Himawari-8 fAOD年均值则普遍较低.MODIS FMF和fAOD季节平均分布呈现出夏秋高、春冬低的趋势,Himawari-8 FMF和fAOD季节平均分布则呈现出春秋高、夏冬低的特征,高值区的位置和量值均有明显的季节变化.     

结合水体光学分类反演太湖总悬浮物浓度

本研究利用2008年11月、2009年4月、2010年5月及2010年8月的太湖水体原位观测数据,在对光学复杂水体进行光学分类的基础上,分别建立了针对各个类别水体的总悬浮物浓度高光谱反演模型.通过对每类水体中各个模型的性能比较,分别得到各类水体的最优模型:第一类水体,比值模型为最优模型;第二类水体,半分析模型2为最优模型;第三类水体,一阶微分模型为最优模型.同时,比较分类前后模型的精度和稳定性,结果表明分类后,两者均表现出不同程度的提高,并且分析了光学分类导致半分析模型精度下降的原因.最后针对本研究的结果在遥感数据上的适用性进行了探讨,表明在高光谱遥感数据上有很大的应用潜力.本研究结论对光学复杂湖泊水体的水色遥感具有积极重要的意义.     

基于偏振遥感技术反演大气气溶胶特性的方法

偏振探测技术是近几年发展起来的新型遥感探测技术,具有其他传统探测手段没有的特点.介绍了偏振探测的基本原理和偏振探测仪器对气溶胶特性反演的方法,并同传统的反演方法相比较,给出了偏振探测技术在气溶胶特性反演方面的优势,同时指出偏振遥感技术在云相态识别的优势.     

The Relationship Between the Difference in Prismatic Refractive Power of an Eye-and-Face Protector and Its Thickness,Radius of Curvature,and Material

With the help of the research results presented here and on the basis of a graphic analysis we aim to prove the existence of a relationship between the difference in prismatic refractive power and the thickness, curvature radius, and type of material used for panoramic oculars in protective spectacles, goggles, and face shields. The difference in the prismatic refractive power is a fundamental optical characteristic of a protective ocular without corrective effect. According to Standard No. EN 165:1995 (European Committee for Standardization, 1995) the difference in the prismatic refractive power is a difference in the prismatic effect at 2 observation points of an eye-protector.     

LAKE WATER COLOR: COMPARISON OF DIRECT OBSERVATIONS WITH UNDERWATER SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE1

ABSTRACT: The water color in 14 lakes of diverse optical character has been computed from near-surface upwelling irradiance spectra recorded by a submersible spectroradiometer. In these lakes the hues corresponding to irradiance spectra are in reasonable agreement with Munsell hue matches obtained directly by observation in the field. The simple field technique for hue matching using the Munsell standards was broadly validated by this spectroradiometric study. The technique is recommended for further study by limnologists and water resource managers as a potential additional tool for characterizing waters.     

Compromise ultrasound dating policy in maternal serum screening for Down syndrome

Routine ultrasound biometry is the method of choice for gestational dating when screening for Down syndrome. However, it is costly and an alternative policy is to restrict ultrasound to women most likely to have menstrual dating errors. This was evaluated by statistical modelling with parameters from 14 274 women screened between January 1997 and July 2001 using free beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (free β-hCG), α-fetoprotein (AFP) and unconjugated estriol (uE₃). A total of 12 711 (89%) women had both ultrasound and menstrual gestations, but in 4101 (29%) women either the last menstrual period (LMP) was uncertain or a pill-withdrawal period, or there were irregular or abnormal length cycles. The LMP was not entered in the test request form for a further 1404 (9.8%) women. Routine ultrasound dating yielded a predicted detection rate higher than for menstrual dating by 3.9–7.1%, depending on the marker combination and cut-off. The false-positive rate was reduced by 0.2–1.1%. Selectively scanning the 39% with unreliable dates increased detection by 2.6–4.6%, and reduced the false-positive rate by 0.04–0.6%. Some centres only use the ultrasound estimate of gestation when it differs from the menstrual estimate by more than 7 days. Such a rule reduces the gain in detection rate to 2.5–4.6% for routine ultrasound and 1.7–3.1% with the compromise policy; the false-positive rate reductions are 0.06–0.6% and 0.0–0.3%, respectively. We conclude that if routine ultrasound is not financially and practically feasible, the compromise policy yields a clinically important improvement in screening performance compared to menstrual dating. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于MODIS数据反演江浙皖地区气溶胶光学厚度

气溶胶是气候变化和大气污染的重要影响因素。人们发现卫星遥感为大面积获取气溶胶光学厚度提供了手段,同时卫星遥感的气溶胶光学厚度弥补了地面观测空间覆盖不足的缺陷。文章首先介绍了使用暗像元法反演气溶胶光学厚度的算法和计算流程,利用传统的暗像元法和改进的暗像元法(即V5.2算法)反演江浙皖地区(29～33°N;116～120°E)气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布,并对两种算法所得结果进行比较与分析。结果表明:暗像元法基本可以反映出该区域气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布特点,尤其是在浓密植被区卫星反演得到的结果与(AERONET)太阳光度计的观测值基本相近。但是在城市地区,该算法得到的结果与观测值存在一定的偏差,有待于进一步改善。     

Comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal contamination of sediment in Lake Dianchi by using modified AHP method and 137Cs dating

Through the use of general sampling and measurement by ¹³⁷ Cs dating, problems regarding the absence of monitoring data can easily be resolved. Further, weighted values need to be determined while Environment Quality Comprehensive Index (EQCI) is commonly used as applied in environmental quality comprehensive evaluation. In order to overcome the subjectivity in determining weights, the modified Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was designed. The modified AHP method involved the following key procedures: First, the parameters y _i1 and y _i2 were calculated based on the monitoring data; second, the factors were put in order according to the symbol and value of y _i1 and y _i2; third, the continuous odd integers, which represented the importance of factors, were given to factors according to their seating order; and, fourth, the factor weights were determined from the pair-wise comparison matrix calculated by the ratio of the given odd integers. Therefore, the weights were completely based on the monitoring data. In the present study, the comprehensive quality of sediments in five sections of Lake Dianchi were evaluated and the results indicated that the current contamination of sediments in each lake section is much more serious than at any other time in history. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(8): 1531–1536 [译自: 环境科学]