基于数字锁相技术的飞机货舱火灾烟雾光学参数方法研究*

为解决飞机货舱火灾光学探测易受环境杂光和空气中灰尘、水汽干扰,误报率高的问题,提出1种基于数字锁相的双波长火灾烟雾探测方法。利用数字锁相技术调制双波长光源,选择性地提取微弱光散射信号,并设计前、后双向散射光探测光路。采用常见火灾材料及干扰源进行真假火源实验,依据米氏散射理论及不同粒径气溶胶颗粒对不同波长光的散射效应差异,以不对称比（AR）和双波长光强比（DWIR）作为火灾检测参数对不同粒径颗粒进行区分,根据2种火灾检测参数建立数据样本,利用BP神经网络进行分析,并加入复合式传感器实验作为对比。研究结果表明:基于数字锁相技术的火灾烟雾光学探测方法能够在一定程度上区分火灾烟雾和干扰源,误报率小于3.5%。     

The Importance of Mixing Height in Characterising Pollution Levels from Aerosol Optical Thickness Derived by Satellite

In the present study the horizontal distribution of columnar aerosol optical thicknessderived at high spatial resolution from Earth observation satellite data in the Lombardy area (Italy) was converted to the horizontal distribution of optically effective aerosols concentration at the ground level. This was achieved by incorporating information on atmosphere's mixing height, at which pollutants released at ground level are vertically dispersed by convection or mechanical turbulence. The resulted fields compared favourably to pollutant concentration measurements provided by the ground stations. These results show that it is possible to calculate mean concentration fields by using the spatial distribution of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) measured by satellite normalized by the atmospheric mixing height. The advantage of satellites in measuring AOT is that they can capture all actual emissions compared to the models, which are based on inventoried data.     

基于气溶胶光学特性垂直分布的一次浮尘过程分析

为了进一步认识上海地区浮尘污染的垂直分布特征,利用地面微脉冲激光雷达(MPL)和CALIPSO星载激光雷达对2009年10月19日远程输送到上海的一次典型浮尘过程的气溶胶光学特性进行分析.结果表明,此次浮尘过程气溶胶层主要存在于2km以下低空中,气溶胶后向散射系数范围0~0.015 km-1·sr-1,MPL消光系数范围0~0.32 km-1.浮尘过程中消光系数先增加后降低,气溶胶层不断抬升.浮尘天气2km以下大气中存在大量小粒径气溶胶颗粒,而0~0.5 km近地面则以颗粒较大的气溶胶为主;2~10 km大气中仅存在少量不规则气溶胶,其中4~6 km高度范围的大气由不规则气溶胶和规则气溶胶混合组成,球型和非球型粒子均存在.CALIPSO星载激光雷达532 nm总后向散射系数和MPL归一化相对后向散射系数的垂直分布特征基本一致.CALIPSO和MPL获得的消光系数垂直分布均随着高度增加而减少,但消光系数值存在较大差异.两者结合起来可以较全面客观地对上海地区浮尘天气进行观测.     

Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China

Physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols at the single particle level were studied in Shanghai from December 22 to 28, 2009. A Cavity-Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer（CRD-AES） and a nephelometer were deployed to measure aerosol light extinction and scattering properties, respectively. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer（ATOFMS）was used to detect single particle sizes and chemical composition. Seven particle types were detected. Air parcels arrived at the sampling site from the vicinity of Shanghai until mid-day of December 25, when they started to originate from North China. The aerosol extinction,scattering, and absorption coefficients all dropped sharply when this cold, clean air arrived.Aerosol particles changed from a highly aged type before this meteorological shift to a relatively fresh type afterwards. The aerosol optical properties were dependent on the wind direction.Aerosols with high extinction coefficient and scattering Angstrom exponent（SAE） were observed when the wind blew from the west and northwest, indicating that they were predominantly fine particles. Nitrate and ammonium correlated most strongly with the change in aerosol optical properties. In the elemental carbon/organic carbon（ECOC） particle type, the diurnal trends of single scattering albedo（SSA） and elemental carbon（EC） signal intensity had a negative correlation. We also found a negative correlation（r =-0.87） between high mass-OC particle number fraction and the SSA in a relatively clean period, suggesting that particulate aromatic components might play an important role in light absorption in urban areas.     

江南造山带东段鄣源枕状玄武岩的年代学与构造属性研究

江南造山带东段鄣源地区广泛发育呈构造岩块产出的镁铁质岩浆岩,包括空间上密切共生的蚀变枕状-块状玄武岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩等。玄武岩地球化学特征上总体富集轻稀土,亏损重稀土和高场强元素(Nb,P,Ti),类似于岛弧环境下岩浆活动的产物。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,枕状玄武岩形成于(832±19)Ma,与伏川蛇绿岩和庐山地区枕状玄武岩形成时代一致。结合区域资料,认为鄣源枕状玄武岩形成于弧后小洋盆环境,与其东侧的伏川蛇绿岩和西侧的庐山地区枕状熔岩同属新元古代中期弧后洋盆的产物。     

生物传感细胞ADP1_pWHlux在水环境急性毒性检测中的应用

针对天然发光菌和以模式微生物为宿主构建的生物传感细胞在急性毒性检测应用中对测试条件要求苛刻等适用性问题,本研究将1株基因工程构建的生物传感细胞不动杆菌ADP1_p WHlux应用于急性毒性检测,建立检测方法,考察其灵敏度及检测范围.结果表明,ADP1_p WHlux发光受急性毒物的抑制,毒物剂量与发光抑制存在剂量效应关系.在4 mg·L-1Hg Cl2诱导下仅5 min可作出响应,暴露30~60 min后可以给出较为准确的结果.对Hg Cl2的检出限可达0.04 mg·L-1.对我国生活饮用水卫生标准的指标中Be2+、Ba2+、Cu2+、Ni2+检出效果明显,对Be2+、Ba2+、Cu2+的检测范围均在0.025~250 mg·L-1,对Ni2+的检测范围在0.002 5~250 mg·L-1,对Pb2+、Br O-3、Cl O-2的检出限均在0.002 5 mg·L-1,对Cl O-3检出限为0.025mg·L-1.采用ADP1_p WHlux生物传感细胞检测方法对北京市清河水环境急性毒性进行评价,表明ADP1_p WHlux生物传感细胞检测方法可用于污染水样检测.     

辽南黄土光释光年代地层探讨

本文依托辽南地区七顶山黄土沉积剖面,对黄土年代地层进行光释光(OSL)测年研究,结合古地磁数据资料,并与东部丘陵平原区已有释光年代比较,结果表明,七顶山黄土堆积的开始时代为中更新世早期。相当于黄土高原的马兰黄土堆积时代为晚更新世,离石黄土与马兰黄土的分界年代为100～110ka左右,这与黄土高原的研究结论相一致,反映地球轨道参数控制的气候变化。马兰黄土的堆积时间集中在末次冰期的早期(MIS4-5d)和晚期(MIS2),对应时代分别为86～113ka和22～31ka,而在末次冰期中期(MIS3),由于较高的气温和丰沛的降水及地势条件的影响,造成本区大约4～5万年的地层缺失。中国东部丘陵平原区年代地层学研究显示马兰黄土堆积是比较连续的,具体原因有待进一步深入探讨。     

Synergetic analysis of springtime air pollution episodes over Gwangju, Korea

The characteristics of springtime aerosols,including their optical and microphysical properties,were analyzed for the months of March to May of 2009 in Gwangju(35.23°N,126.84°E),Korea.A high Light Detection and Ranging(LIDAR)-derived aerosol depolarization ratio(δ) of 0.25 ± 0.04 was determined on dust particles during the observation period.The?ngstr?m exponent values of the 440–870 nm wavelength pair(?_(440–870)) and single-scattering albedo at 675 nm(Ω_(675)) measured by a CIMEL sun/sky radiometer were 0.77 ± 0.19 and 0.95 ±0.01,respectively.The elevated dust layers reached a maximum elevation of 4 km above sea level.Anthropogenic/smoke particles that originated from highly populated/industrialized regions could be distinguished by their relatively smaller particle size(?_(440–870) ranged between1.33 and 1.36) and higher light-absorbing(Ω_(675) of 0.92 ± 0.01) characteristics.These aerosols are mostly distributed at altitudes 1.2 km.The root-mean-square deviation(RMSD) between the aerosol optical depth(AOD,τ) derived from LIDAR_((τ_(LIDAR))) and from the CIMEL sun/sky radiometer_((τ_(CIMEL))) varied with respect to the surface PM10 concentration.The RMSD between τ_(LIDAR) and τ_(CIMEL) was as low as 13% under lower PM_(10) concentration levels( 100 μg/m~3).In contrast,the RMSD between τ_(LIDAR) and τ_(CIMEL) increased three times(~31%) under high surface PM_(10) concentration levels(100 μg/m~3).These results suggest that the accuracy of τ_(LIDAR) is influenced by specific atmospheric conditions,regardless of its uncertainty.     

水文模型与生态环境发展纵览

水文模型是水文科学研究的重要方法.文章详细梳理了自1851年Mulvancy推理公式以来水文模型的发展历史,为原始萌芽时期、近代发展时期、现代变革时期三个发展时期,总结了21世纪以来水文模型研究的最新动态,绘制了水文模型发展的时间轴,对生态环境与水文模型的耦合进行了探讨,包括生态环境对人类的影响和水文模型对生态环境的影响,最后给出了未来水文模型发展趋势的展望及所要面对的主要难题;以期推动水文模型研究工作的进一步发展.     

中国东北末次冰期松原黄土的释光测年及其古气候意义初探

本文以中国东北松原黄土为研究对象,通过光释光测年建立其末次冰期年代标尺,并探讨磁化率和平均粒径这两个黄土研究中常用的气候替代性指标的可能指示意义。采用成熟的细颗粒石英单片再生(SAR)光释光(OSL)测年技术获得了松原剖面顶部5.5 m年代6个,并获得了2 cm间距的低频磁化率和平均粒径这两个常规参数。石英OSL测年相关检验证实了该技术测量松原黄土的可靠性。测年结果表明,松原剖面顶部5.5 m主要沉积于末次冰期的中晚期,即约5.5—1.8 m((52.18±3.47)—(27.76±1.77)ka)主要堆积于深海氧同位素阶段(MIS)3中晚期,而顶部1.8—0.4 m((27.76±1.77)—(20.61±1.31)ka)堆积于MIS2早期。磁化率自52.18±3.47 ka到27.76±1.77 ka经历了先小幅降低又小幅升高,波动幅度较小,而自27.76±1.77 ka以后,磁化率值呈整体下降并呈现大幅度摆动。平均粒径则自52.18±3.47 ka到46.80±3.13 ka呈明显变小趋势,自46.80±3.13 ka到约20 ka变化不大,自约20 ka以后,平均粒径由约40μm陡然增加至约140μm,并在之后稳定在这一水平。测试结果对比显示,磁化率和粒度的变化不具有明显的相位关系,且同黄土高原渭南剖面末次冰期磁化率和平均粒径的变化也表现出明显的不一致现象。因此,在对松原黄土剖面的研究中,将磁化率和平均粒径分别作为东亚夏季风和冬季风的替代性指标使用时要慎重。