黄山夏季气溶胶光学特性观测分析

利用2011年6~8月黄山光明顶气溶胶光学参数的观测资料,分析了气溶胶各光学参数的逐日变化和非降水条件下日变化特征,并结合Hysplit后向轨迹模式,探讨了不同气团影响下气溶胶光学参数的变化特征.结果表明:黄山光明顶气溶胶消光作用以散射为主,观测期间气溶胶散射系数(σsc)、吸收系数(σab)、单次散射反照率(SSA)和后向散射比(BSR)的平均值(标准差)分别为62.59(49.17) Mm-1、5.49(3.67) Mm-1、0.89(0.04)和0.13(0.02);各光学特征量具有明显日变化特征.σsc、σab和SSA白天高,夜间低, BSR则相反,边界层活动是影响光明顶气溶胶光学性质日变化的主要因素.聚类分析结果显示光明顶主要受西北方大陆性气团、西南方大陆性气团以及东南方海洋性气团的影响.不同气团影响下,气溶胶光学参数有很大差异,其中北方大陆性气团影响下的σab、σsc和SSA最大,东南方海洋性气团影响下最小,表明大陆性气团传输过程中二次气溶胶生成的影响较为明显.     

基于差分吸收光谱法的烟气排放监测实验

差分吸收光谱法是利用气体污染物在UV-VIS波段对光有不同的吸收特性来测量其平均浓度。利用DOAS原理对不同浓度的SO2、NO2、NO气体进行排放监测实验研究,表明:DOAS可消除烟尘颗粒等影响,可应用于气体固定污染源的排放监测,但必须修正温度等因素对差分吸收特性的影响。     

Holocene dynamics of forest ecosystems on the upper plateau of the Volga Upland

Main stages in the development of forest ecosystems on the upper plateau of the Volga Upland in the Holocene have been reconstructed by analyzing palynological assemblages from peat deposits. Dominance of the forest landscape in the region began in the Boreal time. Pine and, to a lesser extent, birch were the main forest-forming species, whereas the role of spruce was never significant. Broad-leaved species appeared in forests in the early Atlantic time. The formation of floodplain and upland bogs began at the end of the Boreal time and in the first half of the Atlantic time, respectively. Significant anthropogenic changes in the vegetation began in the Subboreal time.     

OFFSITE MEASUREMENT OF THE VISUAL CLARITY OF WATERS1

ABSTRACT: The black disk method for measuring visual water clarity in situ is becoming established as a simple but robust method for optically characterizing natural waters. However, in spite of its virtues, the method is limited by a practical visibility minimum of around 0.1 m and the requirement for direct access to the water body at a point where there is adequate lighting for the visual observations. A method has been devised for measuring black disk clarity off-site on samples of waters, diluted if necessary, and contained in a trough constructed of galvanized steel. In 23 streams, rivers, and lakes of diverse optical and physical character, measurements of visual clarity of water samples contained in troughs agreed closely with in situ measurements and correlated well (inversely) with the beam attenuation coefficient measured by transmissometer. Therefore, at sites where in situ measurement is difficult, visual clarity of waters can be measured offsite on a water sample. Furthermore, the visibility of samples diluted with tap water of known clarity was predictable from a simple balance on light attenuation. This means that useful visual clarity measurements on very turbid waters and effluents can be made in a trough containing volumetrically diluted samples, so extending application of the black disk method to very low visual ranges.     

Nutrient fluxes in a eutrophic coastal Louisiana freshwater lake

Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in a eutrophic Louisiana freshwater lake system (Lac des Allemands) was studied. Nutrients from runoff entering the lake, as well as sediment-interstitial and lake water nitrogen and phosphorus fractions, were measured seasonally. Sedimentation rates in the lake were determined using¹³⁷Cs dating.Phosphorus levels in the lake were found to be largely dependent on concentrations in the incoming bayou water from upland drainage. Lake water concentrations appear to respond to fluctuations in incoming waters. Laboratory equilibrium studies showed bottom sediments in the lake are a major sink for the incoming dissolved orthophosphate phosphorus. Total nitrogen concentrations in the lake water generally exceeded incoming runoff concentrations, suggesting fixation by the large blue-green algae population in the lake as being the major source of nitrogen to the system.Sedimentation ranged from 0.44 cm/year to 0.81 cm/year, depending on the proximity to the inlet bayous. Even though the lake is eutrophic the sediment served as a buffer by removing large amounts of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through sedimentation processes. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were accumulating in the sediment at rates of 60, 7.1, and 1.1 g/m²/year, respectively.The water quality of the lake is likely to continue to decline unless measures are taken to reduce municipal, industrial, and agricultural inputs of phosphorus into the lake.     

COD监测技术及其方法的发展

现在测定COD多数采用的是重铬酸钾硫酸回流法消解水样,此方法存在着消解后铬盐排放会造成二次污染、回流氧化时间过长、因使用剧毒的汞盐作掩蔽剂易引起汞污染等缺点。针对这些缺点本文将介绍一些新的方法和监测技术。     

洛阳地区碳质组分季节特征及来源解析：棕碳的重要贡献

为探究洛阳地区碳质气溶胶尤其是棕碳的季节、污染特征及其来源解析,于2018～2019年的四季共采集到98个样品,并分析了碳质气溶胶浓度特征和光学特性.4个季节ρ[有机碳(OC)]和ρ[元素碳(EC)]介于(7.04±1.82)～(23.81±8.68)μg·m^-3和(2.96±1.4)～(13.41±7.91)μg·m^-3,呈现冬高夏低的季节变化趋势;与2015年相比,碳质组分的占比升高了8.33%～141.03%,二次有机气溶胶占比(SOC/OC)升高了0.77%～63.14%.碳质气溶胶光吸收截面(MAC)值与碳质组分的浓度呈现出不同的季节变化,秋季(7.67m²·g^-1)>冬季(5.65 m²·g^-1)>春季(5.13m²·g^-1)>夏季(3.84m²·g^-1),445 nm处的MAC值(3.84～7.67m²·g^...     

基于PMF的武汉市大气细颗粒物消光来源解析

利用武汉2020年7月(夏季)和10月(秋季)的在线观测数据,同时将颗粒物的光学参数和化学组分数据输入正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)源解析模型,对PM_2.5消光系数的源贡献进行定量解析.研究发现,对吸收系数贡献较大的源为机动车(66.3%)和工业源(14.2%),对散射系数贡献较大的源为以硝酸盐为主的二次无机盐Ⅰ(38.4%)和机动车(27.0%),光散射的源贡献率呈现出明显的季节变化,二次无机盐Ⅰ在夏季(14.6%)的贡献较秋季(47.4%)显著降低.消光系数源贡献方面,夏季机动车(37.2%)和以硫酸盐为主的二次无机盐Ⅱ(21.2%)对消光的贡献较大,而秋季主要的消光源为二次无机盐Ⅰ(44.7%)和机动车(26.7%).最后,还获取了几个重要源的波长吸收指数(AAE)值:机动车(0.96)、工业源(1.04)、扬尘(1.39)、生物质燃烧(2.24).     

Direct radiative forcing of urban aerosols over Pretoria (25.75°S, 28.28°E) using AERONET Sunphotometer data: First scientific results and environmental impact

The present study uses the data collected from Cimel Sunphotometer of Aerosol Robotic Network（AERONET） for the period from January to December, 2012 over an urban site,Pretoria（PTR; 25.75°S, 28.28°E, 1449 m above sea level）, South Africa. We found that monthly mean aerosol optical depth（AOD, τa） exhibits two maxima that occurred in summer（February） and winter（August） having values of 0.36 ± 0.19 and 0.25 ± 0.14,respectively, high-to-moderate values in spring and thereafter, decreases from autumn with a minima in early winter（June） 0.12 ± 0.07. The Angstrom exponents（α440–870） likewise,have its peak in summer（January） 1.70 ± 0.21 and lowest in early winter（June） 1.38 ± 0.26,while the columnar water vapor（CWV） followed AOD pattern with high values（summer） at the beginning of the year（February, 2.10 ± 0.37 cm） and low values（winter） in the middle of the year（July, 0.66 ± 0.21 cm）. The volume size distribution（VSD） in the fine-mode is higher in the summer and spring seasons, whereas in the coarse mode the VSD is higher in the winter and lower in the summer due to the hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles.The single scattering albedo（SSA） ranged from 0.85 to 0.96 at 440 nm over PTR for the entire study period. The averaged aerosol radiative forcing（ARF） computed using SBDART model at the top of the atmosphere（TOA） was- 8.78 ± 3.1 W/m2, while at the surface it was- 25.69 ± 8.1 W/m2 leading to an atmospheric forcing of ＋ 16.91 ± 6.8 W/m2, indicating significant heating of the atmosphere with a mean of 0.47 K/day.     

广州市交通主干道空气中苯系物的测量

为了研究广州市道边空气中苯系物的污染状况,利用差分吸收光谱(DOAS)系统于2010年11～12月广州亚运会期间对广州市荔湾区黄沙大道道边空气中的苯系物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯等)及常规污染物NO2、O3等进行了监测.结果表明,在整个测量期间,苯系物在夜间显示了较高的浓度值,苯的平均浓度为15.9μg·m-3、甲苯为61.3μg·m-3、对-二甲苯为6.5μg·m-3、间-二甲苯为16.9μg·m-3、苯酚为0.88μg·m-3.甲苯与苯的平均浓度与国内其他城市的平均水平较为接近,两者的比值变化范围在1.2～6.16.通过比对甲苯与苯的相关性,在整个测量期间内其相关系数为0.86,在浓度值较高时段,其相关系数达到0.985,表明在该区域苯与甲苯存在同源性;以甲苯为例,分析其与CO的相关性,相关系数为0.78,表明交通排放是苯、甲苯的一个主要来源.结合风速风向等气象数据的分析得出气象条件是影响苯系物污染物浓度水平的一个重要因子,并给出了可能的点污染源.