北京一次严重雾霾过程气溶胶光学特性与气象条件

对北京地区2013年10月2~7日一次严重雾霾过程中的气溶胶光学特性开展研究,分析了气象条件对雾霾过程的影响,并结合HYSPLIT模型分析污染物的来源.结果表明,在污染天气中气溶胶光学厚度、?ngström波长指数、细模态体积尺度谱峰值浓度远高于清洁天.10月5日雾霾最为严重,440nm波长处气溶胶光学厚度高达3.89.在雾霾发生前后,单次散射反照率日均值随波长增大而增大,而在10月5日,单次散射反照率值随波长增加先增大后减小,在675nm波长处达到最大值0.965.雾霾过程中大气气溶胶以强散射型细粒子为主,人为因素贡献较大,且受气象条件影响明显.     

北京2010年10月一次典型灰霾过程光学特性分析

利用探空资料、NECP再分析资料、AERONET气溶胶反演资料等分析了北京地区一次典型灰霾天气过程的成因及气溶胶光学特性参数变化情况.结果表明:此次灰霾期间,稳定的环流形势、湿润的环境及逆温结构的存在是灰霾得以持续和发展的重要原因.灰霾期间AOD、PM2.5浓度逐渐增大,能见度逐渐降低,这可能与局地气溶胶的累积和相对湿度的增大有关,使气溶胶粒子的消光性增强.气溶胶的体积谱表现为双峰型结构,细粒子体积浓度峰值远大于粗粒子浓度峰值,且细粒子浓度峰值逐日增大,Angstrom波长指数在1.2~1.4之间,两参数均可表明此次灰霾过程的污染粒子以气溶胶细粒子为主;灰霾期间SSA逐日增大,表明气溶胶粒子的散射性逐渐增强,SSA随波长的变化主要呈现两种变化趋势,这与当日主控粒子的尺度有关.因气溶胶的作用,使到达地面的辐射通量减小.这些光学特性参量的变化为了解北京地区灰霾期间气溶胶特性及其气候效应提供了参考.     

太湖中颗粒有机碳对水体固有光学特性的影响

利用2011年5期太湖现场测量数据和室内分析数据,通过建立ρ(POC)(POC为颗粒有机碳)与a_p(λ)(颗粒物吸收系数)、b_bp(510)(总颗粒物的后向散射系数)的相关关系,评价了POC对水体固有光学特性的影响. 结果表明,太湖水体ρ(POC)时空变化显著,各期样品平均值在1 558.06~5 281.09 mg/m3之间变化. ρ(POC)与a_p(λ)具有较好的相关关系,特别是在浮游植物色素强烈吸收的波段(605~700 nm),各期数据的相关系数均在0.9以上;但ρ(POC)与b_bp(510)的相关性较差(R2=0.04, P=0.02). 进一步分析ρ(POC)对颗粒物的色素部分和非色素部分的影响发现,ρ(POC)与色素颗粒物吸收系数〔a_ph(665)〕的相关性很好(R2=0.82),而与非色素颗粒物吸收系数相关性较差. ρ(NPOC)(NPOC为非有机碳颗粒物)与b_bp(510)的相关性较好(R2>0.60),说明太湖水体POC对浮游植物色素的吸光特性有重要影响,而NPOC影响了水体的后向散射特性.      

水利工程对南四湖现代沉积速率的影响

利用放射性同位素(137Cs、210Pb)测年法计算山东省南四湖的沉积速率,采用高纯锗γ谱仪(美国EG&G ORTEC公司)对南四湖上级湖、下级湖的沉积岩柱(DS2和WS2)样品进行137Cs、210Pb放射性活度测试,分析水利工程建设对湖泊沉积影响的程度与后果. 结果表明:上级湖、下级湖137Cs总蓄积量之比为9.7,说明在二级坝水利工程影响下,流域内侵蚀泥沙及其所吸附的137Cs主要沉积于上级湖;137Cs在湖泊沉积物中的剖面分布与137Cs大气沉降时序的分布模式相背离,故137Cs蓄积峰不具备时标意义. 利用210Pb计年的CRS(恒定补给速率)模式分析2个沉积岩柱不同质量深度所对应的年代,结果显示,150多年来南四湖上级湖、下级湖的沉积速率不稳定,以1960年为界划分为两大时段:沉积岩柱底部所对应的年代至1960年,上级湖、下级湖沉积速率平均值分别为0.069、0.160 g/(cm2·a);1960—2010年,二者沉积速率平均值分别为0.218、0.072 g/(cm2·a). 可见,二级坝水利工程对南四湖沉积速率产生了重要影响,210Pb计年的CRS模式分析结果可靠.      

Automated indirect fluoride determination by ICP-OES using discontinuous-flow analysis

An automated method for the indirect determination of fluoride by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using discontinuous-flow analysis has been developed. A modified flow injection analysis system was used for sample preparation. The method is based on the determination of excess cerium(III) ion after precipitation of CeF₃. Separation of the precipitate is performed online on a syringe membrane filter that is cleaned each analysis cycle by 1 M nitric acid, ensuring a long life-time for the filter. As a result of the short reaction time, a detection limit of 9.5 mg L^?1 was obtained. The precision (RSD) of the proposed method is 1.02% at fluoride concentration of 28 mg L^?1. The applicability of the technique for groundwater monitoring of fluoride-contaminated area is demonstrated.     

Assessment of potentially toxic elements in Swiss chard and sediments of Akaki River,Ethiopia

For the determination of 15 potentially toxic elements (V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb) in plant and sediment samples of the Akaki River, Ethiopia, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, and a RA-915+ mercury analyzer were applied. Sediment and plant samples were mineralized using a closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion system. The elemental concentrations varied considerably in plant and sediment samples. The minimum concentration was observed for known toxic elements (As, Hg, and Cd) while the highest concentration was observed for the elements of relatively low toxicity Zn, Mn, and Fe. The concentration of Cr, Fe, Pb, Zn, and As in Swiss chard surpassed the maximum permissible levels at specific sites. At some of the sites, the sediment quality guidelines are surpassed for Cu, Zn, and Pb.     

近3年西双版纳州勐腊县大气污染基本特征及污染原因分析

对西双版纳州生态环境局勐腊分局2017年8月-2020年8月逐日空气质量数据的分析表明,2-4月是勐腊县空气质量指数（Air Quality Index,AQI）频繁达到二级及以上的时段,空气质量分指数（Individual Air Quality Index,IAQI）能够达到二级及以上标准的污染物为PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃、SO₂中的一种或几种,PM_2.5、PM₁₀污染较为严重,PM_2.5对空气质量的影响最大,可使空气质量达到重度污染,混合污染出现比例远大于单一污染.2019、2020年3-4月勐腊县轻度及以上连续污染日数超过5 d的5次过程中,4次污染过程的主要潜在源区在勐腊上风方向老挝西北部及泰国与其相邻的区域,权重潜在源贡献因子（Weight Potential Source Contribution Function,WPSCF）大于0.6的区域与同年3、4月泰国西北部、老挝西北部的火点密集区有较好的对应关系,4次污染过程与老挝西北部及泰国与其相邻区域的生物质燃烧关系密切;1次污染过程的主要潜在源区主要在当地,当地建筑施工、交通运输、生物质燃烧和餐饮行业细颗粒物的排放会导致勐腊县空气质量出现明显下降.为验证勐腊县连续污染过程受到了周边国家烧荒的影响,利用逐日气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Thickness,AOT）对2020年3月23-4月9日的污染过程进行了个例分析,发现AOT大值区位于勐腊上风方向,高浓度污染物持续稳定地向勐腊传输导致勐腊出现持续重污染.     

曹妃甸老龙口现代沉积环境及重金属污染特征研究

利用测年、重金属测定、粒度测定等方法,对河北曹妃甸老龙口区域的7个柱状沉积物进行了粒度、沉积物的测年、重金属含量测定和分析,探讨潮滩重金属沉积的控制因素和迁移规律.结果显示,老龙口潮滩属于细沙和粉沙,根据同位素测年结果,L06沉积速率最大,为0.90cm/a;其余柱状样沉积速率均小于0.5cm/a,平均沉积速率为0.32cm/a,曹妃甸潮滩属于缓慢沉积;柱状样垂直方向波动剧烈,受人类活动影响明显.重金属的含量在柱样的30~40cm深度呈现向表层递增的趋势,Hg、Cr的污染比较严重、其他元素基本无污染.虽然多数重金属元素在背景值附近没有出现污染现象,生态危害性极低,但是,受Pb、Hg中度重金属生态危害的影响,该区域多种重金属生态危害指数(ERI)达158.41,表现为中等程度的生态危害性;存在一定的潜在生态风险.     

光催化与生物膜直接耦合降解4-氟苯酚废水

为了实现4-氟苯酚（4-FP）废水的快速持续降解,本文构建了光催化与生物膜直接耦合系统.该耦合系统由N掺杂TiO₂涂覆光催化光纤束、生物膜、核孔膜和紫外-可见LED光源构成.实验研究了单独光催化、单独微藻生物膜及光催化-生物膜耦合3种体系对4-FP的降解性能.研究发现：光催化系统降解4-FP速率慢、脱氟效率低,12h内降解率为94.3%,脱氟率仅为24.7%.微藻生物膜在第一个周期内对4-FP的降解性能高于单独光催化,10h内降解率达到98.9%,脱氟率达到90.9%,但3个周期后4-FP降解率降低至75.5%,脱氟率降低至69.5%.在耦合系统中,生物膜中微生物种群发生了自适应调整,富集了大量的红球菌、假单胞菌和无色杆菌,导致了光催化、生物降解及光合作用三者亲密协作,实现了4-FP快速持续地降解,运行12个周期后,5h即可将4-FP完全降解,同时溶解有机碳及脱氟率分别达到89.4%和78.3%.     

Estimation of aerosol optical depth in relation to meteorological parameters over eastern and western routes of China Pakistan economic corridor

This study finds out seasonal and monthly variations in Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) over eastern and western routes of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the relationship between AOD and meteorological parameters (i.e., temperature, rainfall and wind speed). The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) data was used from the terra satellite for the period of 2000-2016. This study aims to overtake the conventional view of the purpose of using the satellite datasets. This study takes on to the concept that validated satellite data sets rather should be used for the analysis instead of just validation specifically for our study region. Hence, after comparing MODIS AOD with MISR AOD, only MISR AOD dataset is used for further analysis. The results show a decreasing trend of AOD in summer season, a positive relationship between temperature and AOD during winter and spring seasons whereas a positive relationship between wind speed and AOD in winter and spring seasons over eastern and western routes. Periodic analysis of MODIS AOD and MISR AOD depicts May-Aug as the peak period of aerosol concentration over central Pakistan. The inter-annual analysis shows the aerosol trend remained higher during summer season however rainfall shows the washout effect. Eastern route has higher standard deviation and larger values for aerosol prevalence as compared to western route. The trajectory analysis using the HYSPLIT model suggests the bias of air mass trajectory caused deviation in the aerosol trend in the year 2014.