泥河湾盆地于家沟遗址AMS-14C年代学研究及其考古学意义

于家沟遗址作为泥河湾盆地中唯一具有新旧石器工业过渡的典型遗址,为研究东亚旧石器向新石器时代过渡提供了理想的场所。本文通过于家沟遗址剖面沉积物(厚约550 cm)的加速器质谱法(AMS-~(14)C)年代测定,确定了于家沟剖面的年代跨度为16.19?—?2.43 ka BP,其中旧石器向新石器时代的转化时限为9.35 ka BP。该遗址中发现的最早陶器经同层位地层推测,其年代为13.60 ka BP,是目前中国北方发现的最早陶器。陶器的使用可能改善了古人类的生活条件;大量细石器反映出泥河湾盆地中采猎经济高度繁荣。因此,在晚更新世末期气候开始变暖的背景下陶器和细石器的出现一定程度推动了中国北方旧石器时代向新石器时代的转变。     

石英Al心和Ti-Li心电子自旋共振信号测年结果对比：以腾格里沙漠白碱湖地区BJ14钻孔中沉积物为例

早—中更新世沉积年代的确定是第四纪研究领域亟待解决的难题,电子自旋共振（ESR）测年法为该时段沉积物定年提供了可能。但已有的研究发现：石英Ti心和Al心ESR信号完全衰退“回零”或达到较稳定“残留”所需时间较长,因而其可信性备受质疑。本研究选取腾格里沙漠白碱湖地区BJ14钻孔中5个不同深度的沉积物,分别基于其中石英Ti心和Al心信号进行了ESR定年。测年结果显示：（1）2个样品基于Al心ESR信号与基于Ti-Li心ESR信号的测年结果在年龄误差范围内一致,其它3个样品Al心ESR测年结果较Ti-Li心测年结果偏老200—500 ka;（2）与该孔的古地磁测年结果对比表明,石英Ti-Li心ESR测年结果相对可靠。上述研究结果表明石英Ti-Li心的ESR测年结果至少能提供中更新世更为可信的沉积年龄。     

光释光(OSL)测年技术的初步实验研究

提出了基于X射线激发的光释光测年原理，据此进行了初步实验研究。研究表明，利用X射线是可以激发辐射样品使其产生光释光信号的。     

锆石的成因和U-Pb同位素定年的某些进展

锆石是岩浆岩、变质岩、沉积岩和月岩中最重要的副矿物。本文分别从锆石的形态、以及影响锆石形态的因素、锆石的主量、微量、稀土元素地球化学和氧同位素特征等方面进行系统综述。同时 ,论述了目前国内外有关锆石U Pb法定年的研究进展 ,并对各种方法的局限性加以总结     

上转光剂掺杂新型纳米TiO2催化剂的制备及利用可见光降解反应艳蓝KN-R染料的研究

合成了一种新型含有稀土金属Er的上转光剂,40CdF2·60BaF2·0.8Er2O3,此上转光剂在488 nm可见光的激发下,产生了5个波长均小于387 nm的上转换紫外发射峰.采用超声波分散的方法制备出了上转光剂掺杂的纳米TiO2可见光光催化剂.采用X射线衍射(XRD)及透射电镜(TEM)对催化剂进行了表征.以反应艳蓝KN-R为研究对象,研究了在(三基色灯下发出的)可见光的照射下该可见光光催化剂的催化降解性能,并与未掺杂纳米TiO2粉末的催化剂性能进行了对比.实验结果表明,作为掺杂成分的上转光剂可有效地将可见光转化为紫外光并被纳米TiO2粉末吸收利用,在可见光照射50 h后反应艳蓝KN-R降解率达74.36%,大大高于未掺杂纳米TiO2的降解率(23.10%).     

A novel respirometer for biological toxicity tests

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Inverse modeling to estimate LNAPL plume release timing

Methodologies are presented for dating releases of light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) using an inverse modeling approach with simple analytical models. Models for LNAPL plume migration are presented to predict LNAPL plume velocity in the unsaturated and saturated zones as a function of basic soil and fluid properties. A relative mobility factor is introduced for LNAPL movement at the water table that depends primarily on the van Genuchten n parameter (related to the breadth of the soil pore size distribution) and the magnitude of water table fluctuations. Estimated LNAPL plume velocities compare reasonably with more rigorous numerical models, which may be used in cases where data availability warrant the greater effort entailed.Two methods of estimating release timing and its uncertainty are investigated. A direct estimation method is described that determines travel time for a single observed travel distance based on estimated soil and fluid properties. Release date uncertainty may be determined using the first order (FO) or Monte Carlo (MC) methods. The second method for estimating release date involves nonlinear parameter estimation utilizing distance vs. time measurements and other data.A case study is presented for a field site where independent estimates of release timing were obtained from a numerical modeling analysis. Release timing estimates based on direct inversion of the analytical timing model agree well with the numerical analysis. Results for a second field site indicate that release date confidence limits estimated by the FO method, assuming log-normally distributed travel times, are close to values determined by the MC method, which makes no assumption regarding the form of the travel time probability distribution.Results for a hypothetical problem indicate that LNAPL velocity and travel time may be accurately estimated if sufficient data on travel distance vs. time are available. Incorporating prior information on relevant soil and fluid properties into the objective function reduces the uncertainty in release date if prior estimates are accurate. However, biased prior estimates may lead to over- or underestimation of release date uncertainty. Simultaneous estimation of soil and fluid properties and release date is possible if prior information is available to condition the parameter estimates.     

上转换发光剂掺杂纳米TiO2的制备及可见光降解乙基紫的研究

合成了一种新型含有稀土金属Er的上转换发光剂40CdF₂·60BaF₂·1.6Er₂O₃,此上转换发光剂在488 nm可见光的激发下,产生了5个波长均小于387 nm的上转换紫外光发射峰.采用超声波分散的方法制备出了上转换发光剂掺杂的纳米TiO₂可见光光催化剂.利用X-射线衍射(XRD)及透射电镜(TEM)对催化剂进行了表征.以乙基紫染料为研究对象,研究了在(三基色灯下发出的)可见光的照射下该可见光光催化剂的催化降解性能,并与未掺杂的纳米TiO₂粉末的催化性能进行了对比.结果表明,作为掺杂成分的上转换发光剂可有效地将可见光转化为紫外光并被纳米TiO₂粉末吸收利用,在可见光照射12.0 h后乙基紫降解率达到了99.68%,大大高于未掺杂纳米TiO2时的降解率.     

页岩气体积压裂过程中套管失效机理研究

为了研究体积压裂过程中套管失效问题,基于页岩气水平井X-1h钻完井资料,提出了微地震数据反演方法,并结 合岩石断裂力学和岩石损伤力学,建立了X-1h体积压裂地层-多簇射孔-套管有限元模型。有限元结果表明:体积压裂范 围内的地应力场发生明显变化,甚至出现“张应力”区和“零应力”区的应力反转现象,该特征将不同程度地使套管在 地层中出现“悬空”状态,导致套管沿其径向产生一定程度的挠度变形,沿轴向套管呈现“S”型变形。适当增加压裂 段与段之间的间距,缩短多簇射孔压裂段的有效长度,可以有效地降低或控制水平段套管的“S”型变形量。该研究方 法和研究成果为体积压裂技术的套管变形失效控制以及页岩气安全生产提供了理论依据。     

Holocene dynamics of forest ecosystems on the upper plateau of the Volga Upland

Main stages in the development of forest ecosystems on the upper plateau of the Volga Upland in the Holocene have been reconstructed by analyzing palynological assemblages from peat deposits. Dominance of the forest landscape in the region began in the Boreal time. Pine and, to a lesser extent, birch were the main forest-forming species, whereas the role of spruce was never significant. Broad-leaved species appeared in forests in the early Atlantic time. The formation of floodplain and upland bogs began at the end of the Boreal time and in the first half of the Atlantic time, respectively. Significant anthropogenic changes in the vegetation began in the Subboreal time.