A combined hydrologic simulation and landscape design model to prioritize sites for wetlands restoration

Most landscape design models have been applied to the problem of maximizing species richness in a network of nature reserves. This paper describes a combined hydrologic simulation and landscape design model designed to prioritize sites for wetlands restoration, where the objective is to maximize the amount of nutrients in non-point-source runoff attenuated in the restored wetlands. Targeted site selection in four small watersheds in the Central Valley resulted in predicted levels of nitrogen attenuation two to eight times greater than that from maximizing wetland area without consideration of the location of the restoration sites. Disclaimer  The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the US Environmental Protection Agency. No official Agency endorsement should be inferred.     

Multiple-point variance analysis for optimal adjustment of a monitoring network

The selection of sampling sites is one of the major tasks in thedesign of a monitoring network. Many environmental networkssuffer from either insufficient information or redundantinformation. This study presents a new, effective algorithm thataddresses the issues of insufficient and reduction information.The new algorithm is denoted as Multiple-Point Variance Analysis(MPV). MPV includes both Multiple-Point Variance ReductionAnalysis (MPVR) for adding information-effectives sites, andMultiple-Point Variance Increase Analysis (MPVI) for deletinginformation-redundant sites. The MPVR and MPVI equations areverified under two hypothetical cases. The optimal procedures ofthis new algorithm include determination of simultaneousadditions or deletions of groups of sampling points. Theseproposed optimization procedures eliminate the need for anyspatial discretizations or sequential selections. The efficiencyof these optimal procedures is tested under actual fieldconditions. The results show that the optimal MPV is aneffective tool for adjustment of existing sampling networks.     

经济平稳增长下长江经济带碳排放峰值研究——基于全球夜间灯光数据的视角

碳排放达到峰值的时间和水平,将影响各地区的发展空间,对于长江经济带地区协调发展有着深远的影响,这也是应对气候变化和区域管理需要引起高度重视的问题。为此,论文通过1995—2013年的全球夜间灯光数据对长江经济带的GDP进行了估算和校准,进而在经济平稳增长条件下,预测长江经济带地区2014—2050年的GDP,根据碳强度衰减速率,设置了3种模拟情景。研究表明：以“十二五”时期的碳强度下降速率衰减,江苏和江西地区尚未出现碳峰值,其他地区在2050年之前出现碳峰值;其中云南在2025年就率先达到碳峰值。以“十三五”时期的碳强度下降速率衰减,江苏仍未出现碳峰值,安徽和江西地区在2040年之后出现碳峰值,四川、重庆、贵州均在2031年左右达到碳峰值;云南在2023年就率先达到碳峰值。上述两种模拟情景表明,长江上游地区碳排放达峰的时间要早于长江中游地区。进一步以长江经济带实现“2030年达到碳峰值”为目标的模拟情景发现,各地区碳强度衰减速率的差异显著,这从云南碳强度衰减速率2.58%、江西碳强度衰减速率7.53%,便可窥见一斑。由此可以看出,制定碳减排方案的要义,在协调好碳强度和经济增长率之间有效调控的同时,应充分考虑区域发展不平衡,分区域、分阶段推动碳排放达峰的减排政策,这将有利于经济平稳增长下顺利实现碳峰值目标。     

基于热障涂层保护的双向正交支撑板优化设计

目的研究适合大秒流量、采用自由装填药柱的斜置喷管固体火箭发动机的药柱支撑板结构。方法在对比分析常规的自由装填药柱的支撑板结构基础上,提出采用双向正交结构涂覆氧化锆热障涂层方案,利用仿真计算方法对支撑板的结构参数进行优化,通过发动机点火试验对4种设计方案进行验证分析。结果采用热障涂层保护的8×8双向正交结构支撑板在点火试验过程中,具有较大的通气面积、较高结构强度及耐烧蚀性,可满足该发动机的使用要求。结论双向正交并采用热障涂层保护既能具有高强度,也具有优良的耐烧蚀性。     

危险品道路安全运输路径优化方法探讨

危险品道路运输量逐年增加,对人类安全健康的危害的风险正在扩大和加深,一旦发生事故,其后果极为严重。笔者从人-机-环境角度分析了危险品道路运输系统的组成要素,基于对运输网、运输风险源、后果影响区域3个层次辨识,分析运输过程中的风险影响因素,提出危险品道路运输路径优化选择的一般方法;并给出危险品道路运输线风险源的可接受个人风险和社会风险标准;探讨了危险品运输约束最优化选线模型。路径优化选择可减少运输沿线影响人员风险和事故概率,优化影响人员风险与运输效率冲突问题,为政府监管部门与危险品运输企业提供了安全管理的基本决策依据。     

IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR OPERATION OF A METROPOLITAN RESERVOIR SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: A deterministic dynamic programming optimization model with a refining sectioning search procedure is developed and implemented to find least cost withdrawal and release patterns for water supple from a multiple reservoir system serving a metropolitan area. Applications are made to teh four reservoir system operated by the city of Dallas, Texas. A realistic cost structure, including nonlinear power consumption, block rate unit power costs, and flow dependent power consumption for intracity water distribution, is utilized. Applications are made to find least cost operating patterns and, as well, by inclusion of a water loss penalty function, supply patterns which will reduce evaporation water losses for the Dallas system.     

OPTIMAL CAPACITIES OF WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL1

ABSTRACT: The planning of water supply reservoirs has traditionally been based on the Rippl or sequent peak analysis which applies to the design of a single reservoir. This paper incorporates the sequent peak method as the central feature in establishing a procedure for determining the sizes of several potential reservoirs located in a system of one or more rivers. Separate algorithms are developed for sites on parallel streams and for sites on the same stream. In both cases the approach is to find the combination of reservoirs which can satisfy a given constant monthly demand at a minimum total construction cost. It is shown that both problems can be cast in the form of a dynamic programming problem. A more complex system is then a combination of reservoirs in parallel and in series. An extension is given if the monthly demand is not constant but each reservoir satisfies a constant fraction of the monthly demand.     

ASSESSMENT OF HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES IN AN UNCONFINED ALLUVIAL AQUIFER NEAR GRAND ISLAND,NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: A method is presented to analyze time-drawdown data from one or more observation wells for the calculation of four hydraulic parameters for unconfined aquifers: vertical hydraulic conductivity, horizontal hydraulic conductivity, storage coefficient, and specific yield. The hydraulic parameter results are further analyzed for reliability and the possible ranges of the actual parameter values. After verification using a theoretical example, the method was used to analyze pumping test data from 22 observation wells in an unconfined alluvial aquifer near Grand Island, Nebraska. Results indicate that this method can be used to efficiently calculate the four hydraulic parameters in this type of aquifer. The method can also identify the impact of measurement errors on the parameter estimates, and provide ranges of the actual parameter values. The parameter values calculated using this method were compared to those determined using other theories. It is found that this method is very useful for calculating the hydraulic properties from pumping test data and for analyzing the parameter reliability.     

基于AHP LP法的南水北调中线水资源优化配置

水资源是不可替代的重要自然资源和战略性经济资源，水资源优化配置是解决水资源问题的重要手段。为促进区域水资源供需状况相对平衡，按可持续发展的要求，根据区域水资源优化配置的含义和南水北调河北省受水区的具体情况，以有限水资源综合效益最大为目标，考虑水源可供水量、用户需水量和水环境与经济系统协调发展等约束，采用层次分析法与线性规划法相结合的方法，建立了水资源优化配置模型，并对模型的目标函数、约束条件和主要参数确定进行了初步探讨。最后用该模型进行了南水北调河北省受水区2005年和2010年95%保证率下的水资源优化配置研究，并对求解结果进行了分析、评价及展望。结果表明，南水北调工程实施后，能够解决河北省受水区严重缺水的状况。     

新型团场建设中的土地节约和集约利用问题研究

主要研究新疆生产建设兵团在屯垦戍边新型团场建设中土地的节约和集约利用问题。分析了土地利用的特点及存在的问题,指出土地节约集约利用的影响因素,并提出了加快新型团场建设的土地节约和集约利用对策与措施。