基于水功能区纳污能力的攀枝花限制排污总量研究

实施水功能区限制纳污红线管理,控制陆域范围污染物排放总量,是保障水功能区水质达标的根本途径。针对现有水功能区划分及管理偏重考虑水体自然属性和完整性,缺乏与行政区划、陆域污染源分布的衔接,提出以水功能区划分成果为基础,综合考虑自然水系、行政区划、污染源分布情况的陆域控制单元划分方法,在此基础上,利用GIS空间分析建立水功能区与陆域控制单元的响应关系,制定基于水功能区纳污能力的陆域污染物限制排放总量方案。以攀枝花市河段为例,将攀枝花市划分为15个控制单元,19个控制子单元进行限制排污总量计算及分配,攀枝花全市COD、氨氮限制排放总量分别为17 437.6 t/a、1 866.0 t/a,与攀枝花市污染物总量控制规划成果基本一致。     

Ecological Tax Reform: Many Know Why But Few Know How

Ecological tax reform involves the utilisation of the tax system to facilitate sustainable development. The generally accepted approach to ecological tax reform is to reduce tax rates on income and labour and to impose Pigouvian taxes on resource use and pollution emissions. While this approach is a vast improvement on current tax systems, it is an inadequate means of achieving sustainable development because it relies exclusively on the manipulation of market prices – an allocation instrument – when ecological sustainability is a throughput problem that requires a separate policy instrument to be adequately resolved. With the aid of a linear throughput representation of the economic process, it is argued that conventional ecological tax reform measures promote just two of the five behavioural modes put forward to achieve sustainable development. In order to promote all five behavioural modes, it is argued that ecological tax reform is best conducted with the incorporation of tradeable resource use permits and assurance bonds.     

农业干旱灾害关系函数研究

自然灾害Ｄ由孕灾环境（Ｅ）、致灾因子（Ｃ）和承灾体（Ｓ）三大因素共同作用产生,其关系函数为Ｄ＝ｆ（Ｃ,Ｓ,Ｅ）。农业干旱亦是如此,因此,要深入掌握农业干旱的机理,就必须对农业干旱中的这三大因素进行研究。本文对农业干旱三大因素进行了分析,经过数值简化并应用一定技巧后,提出了量化求解此关系函数的方法。对此关系函数进行进一步分析可以看出,该方法实质亦为区域农业干旱脆弱性评价的一种间接方法。有关澜沧江下游     

浙江近岸海域环境功能区质量状况分析

根据浙江省舟山海洋生态环境监测站多年资料,对浙江省近岸海域环境功能区达标趋势及影响因素进行分析。结果表明,2009年浙江近岸海域环境功能区平水期、丰水期、枯水期达标面积分别为9541、10715、842km2,全年达标面积7333km2,占所监测海域面积的16.4%。浙江省近岸海域环境功能区水质达标的主要超标指标为无机氮和活性磷酸盐,另有部分区域溶解氧、化学需氧量、pH指标超标。整个杭州湾水体处于严重富营养化水平,象山湾和泗礁-大衢-岱山岛以西的舟山海域处于中度富营养化水平。东经122度以东的舟山海域及浙中南近岸海域处于轻度富营养或贫营养水平,2002年以来浙江近岸海域水体的富营养化程度逐步下降。2001—2004年近岸海域环境功能区达标率均低于3%,达标区主要分布在舟山海域,2005年开始达标区域扩展到温州海域,"十一五"以来浙江省近岸海域环境功能区水质达标率呈增加趋势。     

以特殊环境功能区思路突破传统环境功能区划困境——新疆“十一五”环境功能区划新思维

以往的环境功能区划将城市或某一区域作为整个目标范围的功能区划,这种方法划分环境功能区不是过细就是过笼统,使保护目标定的过高或过低。环境功能区划模糊,无法从整体上解决城市结构性污染和布局不合理的现象,达不到“分级管理、分类保护、分区防治”的环境管理目的。针对新疆特殊绿洲环境特征,本文提出新的区划方法,重新对全疆各地环境功能进行特殊环境功能区划,以期明确各类特殊环境功能区的主要特点、主要问题、主导功能和建设要求,在今后的可持续发展过程中,为国民经济和社会发展提供科学的决策依据,将对新疆社会经济的快速、稳定、持续发展具有十分现实和深远的意义。     

基于VEGETATION数据区域生态系统质量评价之三——服务功能稳定度指数评价

区域生态系统服务功能的稳定性是评价其生态功能的重要指标之一。构建了区域生态系统服务功能稳定度指数评价模型,并对中国1998～2004年间区域生态系统生产能力进行评价,发现中国各区域生态系统的生态稳定度指数在空间上差异巨大。造成这种差异的原因主要是生态系统的人化程度。从区域生态系统服务于功能稳定度看,西北内陆区由于气候干燥,生态系统的生产能力十分有限,呈现出低水平的稳定。     

城市声环境功能区划中的3S技术应用探索

探索3S技术在声环境功能区划中的应用.根据噪声的相关标准规范,应用3S技术开展桂林城区声环境普查和声功能区划的划分.结合传统的噪声监测评价方法和模糊数学聚类方法,探讨3S资源利用和精度控制、GPS应用、影像解译和GIS空间分析中的作用、特点及问题.3S技术使监测部门拥有获取城市基础数据的能力.     

工业复合源大气污染长期扩散浓度模拟计算

在工业复合源大气扩散模式研究的基础上,改造传统大气污染物长期扩散模型,引入了平滑函数,使相邻扇区的交界处具有连续性,提出了计算精度。对于复合源采用坐标变换的方法,解决不同种类,多源污染物季平均浓度值叠加的难题。     

Respiratory health of road-side vendors in a large industrialized city

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The literature reports a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms associated with exposure to motor vehicle exhaust emissions and people exposed to vehicle emissions are at risk of reduced lung function and cardiovascular performance. Although the effect of traffic emissions is a known risk to respiratory health, retailers are often situated along major roads in a busy urban environment to maximise customers. Shop assistants in an air-conditioned environment should be less exposed to traffic fumes and their lung function should be better preserved compared to 'unprotected' vendors exposed directly to vehicle emissions. The lung function of these two groups of workers has not previously been compared. The aims of this study are to determine if there is a difference in the concentration of respirable particles of diameter less than 10 micrometers (PM10) inside and outside air-conditioned shops along a busy major road; and to compare the lung function parameters, blood lead levels and respiratory symptoms between road-side vendors directly 'exposed' to traffic fumes and vendors working in 'protected' air-conditioned shops along the same road. METHODS: Roadside vendors (n=33) and adjacent shop assistants (n=31) were recruited for the study in a district known to have high emissions and pollution measures. All subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire providing the frequency of their respiratory symptoms. Spirometry pulmonary function tests were conducted and exhaled carbon monoxide levels (ECO), oxygen saturation and blood lead levels (BLL) were measured. PM10 level was concurrently measured in the subject's working environment. Pulmonary function data and ECO levels collected from a cohort of university staff aged > or = 30 years (n=92) at a university campus were included for comparison. RESULTS: The concentration of particulate matter (PM10) at the roadside (210 +/- 70 microg/m3) was significantly higher than inside the shops (130 +/- 40 microg/m3). There was no difference in lung function parameters or BLL between the groups, however the forced vital capacity of both groups of vendors was significantly lower than a 'control' cohort of academic institution personnel (n=92). DISCUSSION: This study illustrated that while the level of pollution improved with air conditioning, this may not be sufficient to prevent respiratory consequences. Our data suggests that a reduction in occupational exposure is not enough to protect these workers. CONCLUSIONS: Air-conditioned work environment is insufficient to protect the respiratory system against the adverse effects of exposure to vehicle emissions. RECOMMENDATIONS: The overwhelming effect of exposure during travel to and from work and at home cannot be underestimated. More stringent guidelines to control pollution appear necessary to protect the respiratory health of both shop-keepers and road-side vendors and further studies to explore the effect on respiratory health of the exposure to pollutants associated with commuting to and from work are warranted.     

安徽省沿江地区生态功能分区研究

在"中部崛起"战略和安徽省"沿江开发"战略的指引下,安徽沿江地区得以快速发展。合理划定区域生态功能区,确保经济发展与环境保护相协调具有重要现实意义。以GIS技术为支撑,从自然生态约束分区评价着手,以安徽沿江41个县市为基本单元,选择山地、水网、湿地、水环境容量等指标进行生态功能差异评价,经聚类归并以及兼顾功能区的完整连片,将安徽沿江地区划分为4个一级生态功能区1、4个二级生态功能区。安徽沿江地区生态功能分区对科学有效地管理安徽沿江生态环境,因地制宜地实施保护和治理策略,保证社会经济可持续发展,合理开发安徽沿江地区提供了研究支撑。