Objectives for Multiple-Species Conservation Planning

Abstract:  The first step in conservation planning is to identify objectives. Most stated objectives for conservation, such as to maximize biodiversity outcomes, are too vague to be useful within a decision-making framework. One way to clarify the issue is to define objectives in terms of the risk of extinction for multiple species. Although the assessment of extinction risk for single species is common, few researchers have formulated an objective function that combines the extinction risks of multiple species. We sought to translate the broad goal of maximizing the viability of species into explicit objectives for use in a decision-theoretic approach to conservation planning. We formulated several objective functions based on extinction risk across many species and illustrated the differences between these objectives with simple examples. Each objective function was the mathematical representation of an approach to conservation and emphasized different levels of threat. Our objectives included minimizing the joint probability of one or more extinctions, minimizing the expected number of extinctions, and minimizing the increase in risk of extinction from the best-case scenario. With objective functions based on joint probabilities of extinction across species, any correlations in extinction probabilities had to be known or the resultant decisions were potentially misleading. Additive objectives, such as the expected number of extinctions, did not produce the same anomalies. We demonstrated that the choice of objective function is central to the decision-making process because alternative objective functions can lead to a different ranking of management options. Therefore, decision makers need to think carefully in selecting and defining their conservation goals.     

基于Ventsim的深井金属矿山通风系统优化

针对某超深井金属矿风量不足、风量分配不合理、污风循环等问题,利用Ventsim软件建立了该矿井三维动态通风模型,对井下风流进行了仿真模拟与网络解算,优化矿井通风系统,有效降低矿井通风阻力,减少通风能耗。以此为基础,提出了该矿井通风系统优化改造方案,并对该方案进行了验证。     

Reserve design to optimize functional connectivity and animal density

Ecological distance-based spatial capture–recapture models (SCR) are a promising approach for simultaneously estimating animal density and connectivity, both of which affect spatial population processes and ultimately species persistence. We explored how SCR models can be integrated into reserve-design frameworks that explicitly acknowledge both the spatial distribution of individuals and their space use resulting from landscape structure. We formulated the design of wildlife reserves as a budget-constrained optimization problem and conducted a simulation to explore 3 different SCR-informed optimization objectives that prioritized different conservation goals by maximizing the number of protected individuals, reserve connectivity, and density-weighted connectivity. We also studied the effect on our 3 objectives of enforcing that the space-use requirements of individuals be met by the reserve for individuals to be considered conserved (referred to as home-range constraints). Maximizing local population density resulted in fragmented reserves that would likely not aid long-term population persistence, and maximizing the connectivity objective yielded reserves that protected the fewest individuals. However, maximizing density-weighted connectivity or preemptively imposing home-range constraints on reserve design yielded reserves of largely spatially compact sets of parcels covering high-density areas in the landscape with high functional connectivity between them. Our results quantify the extent to which reserve design is constrained by individual home-range requirements and highlight that accounting for individual space use in the objective and constraints can help in the design of reserves that balance abundance and connectivity in a biologically relevant manner.     

利用糖蜜废水生产微生物絮凝剂及条件优化和效果实验研究

用糖蜜废水取代葡萄糖作为发酵培养基中的碳源和能源培养微生物絮凝剂产生菌Pseudomonas alcaligenesPS-25。通过单因素试验和正交试验得到该菌株产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件:糖蜜废水COD浓度5 000 mg/L、培养基初始pH值6.5、接种量5%(体积比)、温度30℃、培养时间为72 h、摇床转速160 r/min,在此条件下,PS-25所产絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液絮凝率达96.75%,并且对多种废水都有较好的净化效果,对废水中浊度和色度的去除率分别在90%和80%以上,COD去除率在73.60%～91.10%。研究表明,用糖蜜废水培养PS-25生产微生物絮凝剂处理废水是完全可行的,从而实现废物的资源化利用。     

混沌粒子群算法在水污染控制系统规划中的应用

针对常用的最优化方法解决水污染控制系统规划问题运算过程较复杂,容易陷入局部极值,且优化解精度不高的情况,尝试利用混沌方法和粒子群算法相结合的混沌粒子群算法(chaos particle swarm optimization,CPSO)求解此类问题。CPSO算法具有原理简单,且能快速获得最优解的特点。在实例应用中与遗传算法和MATLAB优化函数的优化结果做了比较,CPSO算法的性能以及得到的解明显优于后两种方法,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于TUD模型模拟优化MSBR工艺反硝化脱氮除磷

基于TUD模型（delftuniversityoftechnologymodel）对实验室MSBR（modifiedsequencingbatchreactor）工艺进行了模拟与优化,强化反硝化除磷,以提高系统脱氮除磷效率。结果表明,工艺运行参数为厌氧池90min、好氧池90min、SBR池缺氧段150min、污泥回流比1．0和污泥龄15d时,MSBR工艺COD、TN以及磷酸盐去除效率达95％,92％和83％;SBR池缺氧段吸磷量达到23．20mg／L,占系统总吸磷量43％左右;好氧池和SBR池缺氧段平均吸磷速率分别为0．35—0．42和0．12～0．17mgPO4^3-P／（L·min）。TUD模型能够较好模拟各水质组分在MSBR工艺空间和时间上的浓度分布,COD和NH4＋-N的模拟误差低于15％,PO4^3-P模拟值高于实测值5％左右。     

发动机配气机构环境适应性及可靠性新技术：凸轮型线DoE优化设计

汽车发动机作为汽车的核心部件,其环境适应性及可靠性尤为重要。本文应用先进的DoE理论,基于EXCITE Timing Drive模型,对国内某款1．6LVCT汽车发动机配气机构凸轮型线进行优化设计,优化后发动机环境适应性及可靠性有了显著提升。     

袋式除尘器结构优化设计与虚拟装配关键技术

针对袋式除尘器大型化后在结构轻质化、模块化结构的可靠装配和焊接变形控制等方面面临的诸多问题,开展了系统的研究,发展了不同结构类型袋式除尘器快速参数化建模、整体和局部联合计算、梁柱连接节点的简化设计、整体计算中复杂花板结构简化、非线性多约束结构优化等复杂关键技术,开发了袋式除尘器结构计算和优化设计软件;提出了基于世界树的实体层次系统结构建模框架,开发了大型模块化袋式除尘器虚拟装配软件;分析了主要结构焊接变形、应力和应变分布及变化规律,提出了反变形法消除焊接变形的控制方法,并开展了实验验证。     

Optimizing Bankfull Discharge and Hydraulic Geometry Relations for Streams in New York State1

Mulvihill, Christiane I. and Barry P. Baldigo, 2012. Optimizing Bankfull Discharge and Hydraulic Geometry Relations for Streams in New York State. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 449-463. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00623.x Abstract: This study analyzes how various data stratification schemes can be used to optimize the accuracy and utility of regional hydraulic geometry (HG) models of bankfull discharge, width, depth, and cross-sectional area for streams in New York. Topographic surveys and discharge records from 281 cross sections at 82 gaging stations with drainage areas of 0.52-396 square miles were used to create log-log regressions of region-based relations between bankfull HG metrics and drainage area. The success with which regional models distinguished unique bankfull discharge and HG patterns was assessed by comparing each regional model to those for all other regions and a pooled statewide model. Gages were also stratified (grouped) by mean annual runoff (MAR), Rosgen stream type, and water-surface slope to test if these models were better predictors of HG to drainage area relations. Bankfull discharge models for Regions 4 and 7 were outside the 95% confidence interval bands of the statewide model, and bankfull width, depth, and cross-sectional area models for Region 3 differed significantly (p < 0.05) from those of other regions. This study found that statewide relations between drainage area and HG were strongest when data were stratified by hydrologic region, but that co-variable models could yield more accurate HG estimates in some local regional curve applications.