基于可持续发展视阈下城市生态规划的途径探析

随着经济全球化、城市化进程的加剧,城市生态的规划建设对社会经济发展起着至关重要的作用。从可持续发展视域探讨当前城市规划建设中存在的由规划滞后、规划重复、规划片面、执法不严等造成的城市规划环境污染、资源浪费和生态破坏的问题,提出构建城市生态规划的现实必然性和基本原则,从强化机制、转变观念、以人为本、健全法制、合理规划等角度探讨可持续发展视阈下城市生态规划的途径。     

济南市水生态文明与产业布局优化研究

济南市水资源主要存在着地下水限量开采、地表水严重不足、客水利用受到制约等问题。以济南市创建水利部水生态文明城市为背景,研究济南市水生态文明城市建设与产业布局优化,分析了济南市产业布局不合理给水资源保护和利用带来的严峻挑战,提出了以济南市水生态保护为目标的产业优化布局方案,建议大力发展水生态文明城市建设相关产业。     

Developing a New Operations Plan for the Bow River Basin Using Collaborative Modeling for Decision Support

The Bow River Basin is a cornerstone of Alberta's development. In 2010, stakeholders representing interests from agriculture, municipalities, environment, and more formed the Bow River Project Research Consortium to help determine the potential for improving the operations in the basin. At present, upstream reservoirs are operated primarily for hydropower, whereas downstream reservoirs are operated for irrigation. Through Collaborative Modeling for Decision Support the stakeholders were able to develop a new method for operating the system that would dramatically improve environmental performance. The main components of the new operating strategy called for: purchase or setting aside of a small amount of storage volume in the power reservoirs; a set of rules for releases from that storage; an agreement by the major irrigation districts with the largest water licenses to utilize their ability to shift deliveries to and from their large offstream storage reservoirs to allow for increased instream flows, and to allow junior water license holders (mainly municipal and industrial supplies) an uninterrupted water supply; limitations of reservoir fluctuations to improve inreservoir habitat for fisheries; and increased minimum flows throughout the system leading to improved environmental outcomes. Costs of this strategy were minimal, impacts on power revenue were estimated at <US$2 million/yr on average. Compensatory arrangements should be possible.     

南京市快速城市化时期城市用地优化评价实证研究

我国已经进入快速城市化的关键时期。城市用地需求激增，城市空间变化剧烈。按照科学发展观的时代要求,正确评价城市土地的利用水平，促进区域城市的健康和谐发展，具有十分重要的意义。以南京市为例，总结了城市用地建设中存在的城乡失衡、耕地危机、功能削弱、效率降低等主要问题，并尝试建立土地利用优化评价模型，以综合判断在快速城市化阶段城市用地的集约化程度。通过对南京市的实证分析可见，在城市的迅速扩张中，城市用地的确存在集约水平波动的现象，而且不同指标呈现差异化发展趋势。21世纪的城市土地利用，由粗放到集约、由重量到重质、由紊乱到有序是必然选择。     

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEHRAN REGION IN IRAN1

ABSTRACT: In this paper, a system approach to water resources development in Tehran Metropolitan Area, with its complex system of water supply and demands, is discussed. Water resources in this region include water storage in the Lar, Latyan, and Karaj reservoirs, the Tehran aquifer, as well as water discharge in local rivers and in drainage channels (mainly supplied by urban runoff and wastewater). This study consists of three phases of long‐term water resources planning and management in the Tehran metropolitan area. In each phase, a different level of details among different components of the system is considered. In the first phase, optimal operating policies for Tehran reservoirs and a decision support system are developed. In the second phase, interactions between surface and ground water resources as well as surface runoffs and wastewater disposal in different subareas are investigated. The water table fluctuations as a result of implementing sewerage collection project was also simulated. In the last phase, long‐term scenarios for water resources and agricultural development in the Southern part of Tehran are defined, and the effects of each scenario on the quality and quantity of surface and ground water resources are studied.     

城市污水处理厂运行管理优化方案

针对城市污水处理工程建设中存在的问题，分析了影响其运转率的三大主要因素，工程系统，运营费用及监控体制，对其运营管理中的替代方案进行了探讨，提出了实行污水厂企业化管理，建立宏观环境统一管理制度的措施建议。     

景洪市城区环境空气质量监测网点位优化

根据已设环境空气监测点近5年来NO2和TSP2个项目的监测结果,得出现有监测点的日均值的相对偏差小于15%,并用F检验和t检验法对已设监测点5年来的大气监测结果进行方差和显著性差异检验,结果表明西双版纳州环境监测站提出的环境空气监测点位设置是合理的,无需调整和优化。     

Stakeholder involvement in strategic adaptation planning: Transdisciplinarity and co-production at stake?

To address increasing climatic variability and extremes, cities are gradually forced to develop climate change adaptation strategies that can ensure a continuous and transformative adaptation process. There is widespread consensus that the sustainable establishment of such strategies requires transdisciplinary approaches, that is, the involvement of internal and external stakeholders (state, civil society and market actors) to become part of the change and find innovative ways to unite their efforts and capacities. However, there is little research and hardly any empirical evidence on the process of stakeholder involvement and co-production in the development of municipal adaptation strategies. Against this background, this paper examines the factors that influence how and why different stakeholders are involved (or excluded) during the processes of developing adaptation strategies, and how this gets reflected in process outcomes. Based on applied participatory analysis of two pioneering municipalities in Germany and Sweden, the paper identifies and contrasts existing patterns to feed back into both theory and practice. Synergies, mismatches, barriers and driving forces for adaptation co-production are identified and contrasted with current adaptation discourses. The results highlight how the level of internal and external stakeholder involvement is conditional on (changes in) the broader governance context, and the associated power constellations in which stakeholders act (e.g., standing of departments, proximity to the decision-making body, changes in [or constellations of] political parties, contractual arrangements for staff, individual champions, progress in mainstreaming). On this basis, conclusions are drawn regarding how to foster sustainable and transformative adaptation through increased stakeholder involvement. The results and conclusions are crucial to advance theory on adaptation co-production, providing a basis for further analyses, research and action. They inform how existing theory, policies and/or guidelines for strategic adaptation planning need to be revisited to support change across current risk governance.     

长江经济带区域空间结构演化研究

在构建城市影响力指数测度指标体系基础上,运用熵值法计算得出1988、2001及2012年长江经济带内110个地级市以上城市影响力指数;在ArcGis软件平台下,利用空间分析方法,依据改进场模型、扩散模型,综合测度了长江经济带内地级市以上城市的可达性、空间场能及扩散效应,并对其进行深入分析。结果表明:城市间影响力指数差异较大但整体呈缩小趋势,城市可达性水平基本呈现出"东部> 中部> 西部"的格局;区域内存在一条主轴、三大核心圈、多条辅轴的区域空间结构,构成区域"1+3+X"发展格局;长江经济带经过城市孕育、极核发展、点轴扩散、网络化、局域一体化发展5个阶段,基本形成串珠式核心-边缘结构,区域内出现同一时期多个阶段并存的现象。为加快长江经济带空间结构的优化重组,依据"以点布轴,以轴拓面"空间思想,进行结构要素优化,主要有:合理构建城市等级体系,培养地方增长极;科学规划交通网络,优化空间扩散轴线;合理优化区域分工与合作,构建多层级城市群。     

碳氧平衡约束下武汉市土地利用结构优化情景模型研究

碳氧平衡法可通过比较人类活动引起的释碳耗氧量与生态用地的固碳释氧能力之间的平衡关系来测算碳氧平衡标准下生态用地需求量。以武汉市为例,遵循"环境友好、资源节约"的两型社会建设原则构建了土地利用综合效益最优的多目标函数,以2013年为基期年且2020年为目标年,探索了碳氧平衡约束条件下武汉市土地利用结构的优化方向。研究结果表明:土地利用结构优化后2020年较2013年增加了40 908hm2标准生态用地,产生431亿元的综合效益,年固碳能力和释氧能力分别达到532.03万t和1 418.33万t,分别占武汉市释碳耗氧量的43.25%和30.29%,能完成区域内的固碳任务且有盈余,但不能实现区域内的氧平衡。研究结果表明仅通过增加生态用地来维持碳氧平衡将难以为继,长期来看,必须转变发展方式来维持碳氧平衡状态。