木质素磺酸盐接枝改性的条件优化

以粘度和产率为表征,研究不同引发剂、温度、单体丙烯酰胺用量、反应时间对木质素磺酸钠与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚反应的影响,并对木质素磺酸钠接枝共聚条件进行优化。结论:K2S2O8引发的接枝反应产物具有较大粘度和产率,而(NH4)2S2O8、Na2S2O3·5H2O引发体系得到共聚物粘度和产率相对较小,所以该研究采用K2S2O8作为引发剂;通过三因素三水平的正交试验得出对共聚物的产率与粘度的影响顺序为单体丙烯酰胺用量大于反应温度大于反应时间;接枝共聚反应的优化条件是K2S2O8引发剂浓度6×10-3mol/L,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为4 h,单体丙烯酰胺与木钠比为4:1,蒸馏水与木钠比5:1。     

River Basin Export Reduction Optimization Support Tool; a tool to screen options for reducing nutrient loads while minimizing cost

Excess loading of nitrogen and phosphorus to river networks causes environmental harm, but reducing loads from large river basins is difficult and expensive. We developed a new tool, the River Basin Export Reduction Optimization Support Tool (RBEROST) to identify the least-cost combinations of management practices that will reduce nutrient loading to target levels in downstream and mid-network waterbodies. We demonstrate the utility of the tool in a case study in the Upper Connecticut River Basin in New England, USA. The total project cost of optimized lowest-cost plans ranged from $18.0 million to $41.0 million per year over 15 years depending on user specifications. Plans include both point source and non-point source management practices, and most costs are associated with urban stormwater practices. Adding a 2% margin of safety to loading targets improved the estimated probability of success from 37.5% to 99%. The large spatial scale of RBEROST, and the consideration of both point and non-point source contributions of nutrients, make it well suited as an initial screening tool in watershed planning.     

URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT AND COASTAL WETLAND PROTECTION IN COLLIER COUNTY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Traditional development in South Florida has in many cases resulted in undesirable degradation of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, due to overdrainage and overenrichment of surface waters. The study described in this paper was undertaken in order to establish guidelines under which urban development may take place in coastal areas, while minimizing unwanted environmental changes. The study area consists of approximately 70 square miles of relatively flat land in Collier County, Florida. The coastal wetlands of the region are a highly valued natural resource containing the Rookery Bay Wildlife Sanctuary. The upland properties are mainly pine woodlands and have great potential for development. A master plan was developed which will (1) provide adequate drainage for existing and projected development within the study area and (2) maintain the integrity of the estuarine zone. The major recommendations of the plan relate to land use, physical control of surface waters, including construction and maintenance of the water management system, and implementation of the plan.     

优化混凝处理低温低浊黄河水及对余铝的控制

考察了4种混凝剂,高效聚合氯化铝（HPAC）,聚合氯化铝（PACl）,硫酸铝（Al2（SO4）3）,混合PACl和氯化铁（FeCl3）,对低温低浊黄河原水的混凝效果与沉后水残留铝含量的关系。结果表明,当采用Al2（SO4）3或PACl做混凝剂时,在取得较好浊度去除的投药量下,水中余铝浓度会超过国家标准（0．2131g／L）。而采用HPAC或FeCl3和PACl复配药剂,在取得与Al2（SO4）3或PACl类似的浊度去除效果的同时,也能较好地控制水中的余铝含量。当HPAC投加量为21mg／L时,沉后水浊度降至1．3NTU,残留铝含量为0．147mg／L。复配投加PACl 15mg／L和FeCl3 12mg／L后,沉后水浊度为1．18NTU,残留铝含量为0．074mg／L。PACl和氯化铁的复配比例需要精确的调控,否则容易导致出水余铁余铝含量增加。而HPAC投加量小于21mtg／L时出水余铝浓度均低于国家标准。因此,在这4种混凝剂中,就混凝效果及余铝控制而言,HPAC更适合充当低温低浊水源水的混凝处理药剂。     

城市供水系统优化调度现状与展望研究

总结论述了优化调度的内涵以及优化调度三部分内容的国内外研究的现状。针对国内外优化调度软件及工程应用现状问题进行了总结和论述,提出了城市供水管网优化调度系统的研究发展前景及重心。通过优化调度系统的实际应用及效益产值论证优化调度的研究意义及价值所在。优化调度是改善传统管网系统运行模式不足的有效手段和必要途径。实现供水管网优化调度可有效保障管网运行的安全性和可靠性,降低管网运行维护成本,提高社会效益和经济效益。     

闽江流域地表水环境监测断面优化布设

利用2010年监测数据和GIS技术,对闽江流域地表水水质监测断面的布设现状和存在问题进行分析,提出监测断面分级控制原则,运用水质分段法对闽江流域地表水环境监测断面的优化设置进行研究。研究结果表明：闽江流域共设置168个监测断面,其中省控断面77个、市控断面39个、县控断面52个,并根据断面级别确定了相应的监测项目和频率。     

加氢装置丙烯罐泄漏事故应急救援预案

主要针对化工事业部重大危险源加氢装置丙烯罐的泄漏事故建立企业级现场预案,从应急管理的六个一级关键要素:方针与原则、应急策划、应急准备、应急响应、现场恢复和预案管理与评审改进来规范应急预案的编写,为应急救援人员进行大型事故处理和策划实地演练提供指导.     

大连市环境保护“十二五”规划研究

＂十二五＂时期,随着大连全域城市化快速推进,经济社会持续快速发展,资源消耗量、污染产生量迅速增加,给资源环境带来极大的挑战。结合大连市的环境现实,提出在＂十二五＂期间,大连市应坚持绿色、低碳发展理念,以生态市建设和节能减排为重点,健全激励和约束机制,加大环境保护力度,提高生态文明水平,建设环境优美、风光秀丽的生态宜居城市。     

Optimizing Bankfull Discharge and Hydraulic Geometry Relations for Streams in New York State1

Mulvihill, Christiane I. and Barry P. Baldigo, 2012. Optimizing Bankfull Discharge and Hydraulic Geometry Relations for Streams in New York State. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 449-463. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00623.x Abstract: This study analyzes how various data stratification schemes can be used to optimize the accuracy and utility of regional hydraulic geometry (HG) models of bankfull discharge, width, depth, and cross-sectional area for streams in New York. Topographic surveys and discharge records from 281 cross sections at 82 gaging stations with drainage areas of 0.52-396 square miles were used to create log-log regressions of region-based relations between bankfull HG metrics and drainage area. The success with which regional models distinguished unique bankfull discharge and HG patterns was assessed by comparing each regional model to those for all other regions and a pooled statewide model. Gages were also stratified (grouped) by mean annual runoff (MAR), Rosgen stream type, and water-surface slope to test if these models were better predictors of HG to drainage area relations. Bankfull discharge models for Regions 4 and 7 were outside the 95% confidence interval bands of the statewide model, and bankfull width, depth, and cross-sectional area models for Region 3 differed significantly (p < 0.05) from those of other regions. This study found that statewide relations between drainage area and HG were strongest when data were stratified by hydrologic region, but that co-variable models could yield more accurate HG estimates in some local regional curve applications.     

韩国工业化推进过程中的土地利用与经济发展关系分析研究

将土地与经济发展间的相关度及其变化进行比较分析发现。韩国工业化在加速阶段和工业化后期的整个工业化推进过程中，耕地减少与GDP、工业化服务业增加值、固定资产投资及其城市化水平变化是不同的：土地对经济发展影响程度在工业化加速阶段的相对弹性影响度系数很强，而到了工业化后期．影响度则比以前明显减弱；即使到了工业化后期．如果不能继续实施严格的农地保护制度。而过分强调平抑地价．降低土地供给成本．那么农地资源消耗速度仍将持续走高，不会自动进入农地资源消耗的平稳期。虽然不同国家有所差异。但是，我们从中可以得出很多有益的结论和启示。对我国强化土地管理．保证经济持续稳定发展有重大的借鉴意义。