高海拔环境对固体导弹的影响

分析了高海拔的自然环境条件,首次系统研究了固体导弹各系统在高海拔环境下的影响,通过试验数据说明固体导弹在高海拔条件下的适应性能,提出了适应性使用的建议,对固体导弹高原环境使用有一定的指导意义。     

Biodegradability: An assessment of commercial polymers according to the Canadian method for anaerobic conditions

The degradation of several biodegradable polymers was measured as a result of exposure to an anaerobic medium. The polymers investigated included materials based upon polylactic acid, polylactone, and poly(hydroxy butyrate/valerate) as well as those incorporating starch-based materials. The degradation was monitored by methane and carbon dioxide evolution. In addition, the physical and chemical changes were noted as a result of exposure. These measurements included changes in mass, dimension, and molecular weight. FTIR, UV-vis, proton, and¹³C NMR spectra were also recorded prior to and after exposure. The results clearly indicated that several biological and chemical degradation processes were occurring with the biodegradable polymers studied.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.Issued as NRCC No. 37549.     

氧化/膜过滤工艺处理屠宰废水研究

研究了二氧化氯(Cl O2)氧化/陶瓷超滤膜过滤工艺对屠宰废水的处理效果,对比不同Cl O2投加量、反冲条件(反冲周期、反冲时间等)对产水指标的影响,确定适宜参数。结果表明:其他条件相同,Cl O2投加量140 mg/L时,氧化单元COD去除率较高;反冲周期50 min、反冲时间50 s时渗透通量恢复较好,陶瓷膜装置运行效果最优,COD和浊度的总去除率分别达93.6%、95.8%,产水水质可达标排放,且运行总成本较低,有较好的工业推广前景。     

以江苏省河流湖泊为例探讨基于物种与面积关系确定大型底栖动物最适及高效采样量

以江苏省河流湖泊为研究对象,选取不同水体代表性点位,运用多生境采样法和形态学鉴定获取淡水大型底栖无脊椎动物的物种数及对应的采样面积,拟合实际结果的物种数与面积关系对数函数曲线。所研究采样量包括采样面积值、样方及样带数。研究发现,不同水体点位最适采样量面积为1.45~12.75 m²,样方及样带总数为6~16个,其要求十分耗时耗力。为解决这一问题,以物种数与面积关系对数函数的一阶导数曲线y≈1值为临界点,提出"高效采样量"概念,并提出3条采样原则供讨论。同时得到江苏地区高效采样量:涉水可过河流采样面积为1.36 m²,涉水不可过河流采样面积为1.5 m²,不可涉水河流和浅水湖泊采样面积为1.75 m²,均需采集4个样方,1个样带。     

太湖上游城市宜兴城区主干道路径流污染特征解析

通过监测2015年8月—2016年9月7场典型降雨事件,系统分析太湖上游城市宜兴城区3个不同功能区(环科园、新城区和老城区)主干道路径流污染特征.研究表明:宜兴市城区主干道路径流浊度、COD、TN、NH_3-N、TP浓度分别为(77.2±66.9)NTU、(97.2±79.7)、(3.0±1.9)、(0.93±0.59)和(0.35±0.36)mg·L~(-1).COD和TN超出地表水环境Ⅴ类标准,是该地区径流特征污染物.降雨过程中污染物浓度整体呈下降趋势,伴随有不同程度的波动,主要受地表残留污染物及降雨强度的影响.3个区域TN浓度差异不大,且主要以溶解态存在(60%);环科园、新城区TP浓度差异不大,且主要以颗粒态存在(70%);然而,受居民生活活动的影响,老城区TP主要以溶解态存在(60%).此外,受交通及道路坡度影响,新城区道路径流浊度和COD污染最为严重.不同降雨事件径流污染物浓度变化较大,主要受干期长度和降雨强度的影响.干期长度越长、降雨强度越小,污染物累积量及可冲刷量越大.因此,加强控制宜兴市道路初期径流、路面颗粒物、径流颗粒物和TN以及老城区TP,对保护径流主要受纳水体南溪水系及太湖水体具有重要意义.     

Determination of explosion limits – Criterion for ignition under non-atmospheric conditions

Many industrial processes are run at non-atmospheric conditions (elevated temperatures and pressures, other oxidizers than air). To judge whether and if yes to what extent explosive gas(vapor)/air mixtures will occur or may be generated during malfunction it is necessary to know the safety characteristic data at the respective conditions. Safety characteristic data like explosion limits, are depending on pressure, temperature and the oxidizer. Most of the determination methods are standardized for ambient conditions. In order to obtain determination methods for non-atmospheric conditions, particularly for higher initial pressures, reliable ignition criteria were investigated. Ignition tests at the explosion limits were carried out for mixtures of methane, propane, n-butane, n-hexane, hydrogen, ammonia and acetone in air at initial pressures up to 20 bar. The tests have been evaluated according to different ignition criteria: visual flame propagation, temperature and pressure rising. It could be shown that flame propagation and occasionally self-sustained combustion for several seconds occurred together with remarkable temperature rise, although the pressure rise was below 3%. The results showed that the combination of a pressure rise criterion of 2% and a temperature rise criterion of 100 K seems to be a suitable ignition criterion for the determination of explosion limits and limiting oxidizer concentration at higher initial pressures and elevated temperatures. The tests were carried out within the framework of a R&D project founded by the German Ministry of Economics and Technology.     

铜铈复合氧化物上石化行业典型VOCs的氧化行为与动力学

采用共沉淀法和等体积浸渍法制备了CuCeO x复合催化剂,对材料的物化性质进行了XRD、低温N2吸脱附、H2-TPR和O2-TPD表征.以石化行业典型VOCs(苯、甲苯和正己烷)为探针污染物,研究了污染物组成与浓度、反应空速、O2浓度、H2O浓度和催化剂种类对其氧化行为的影响,并对反应动力学参数进行了模型拟合.共沉淀得到的催化剂具有均匀的活性相、好的低温可还原性能和较多的活性表面氧物种.甲苯氧化率随着污染物浓度升高而降低,高转化率下苯浓度与其氧化率无相关性,正己烷的氧化率与入口浓度呈正比.苯能够显著抑制甲苯的氧化,而甲苯加入有利于苯的氧化.正己烷对苯氧化的影响较小,但能够促进甲苯的转化,苯系物对正己烷氧化有明显的抑制作用.低空速和高氧浓度都有利于污染物的氧化,氧浓度的变化对正己烷和苯的氧化影响较小.水汽对甲苯的氧化有明显的抑制作用,而对苯和正己烷氧化有明显的促进作用.共沉淀催化剂具有更好的甲苯和苯氧化性能,而无水条件下浸渍催化剂具有更好的正己烷氧化性能.拟一级动力学模型能够很好地模拟不同条件下污染物的氧化行为.     

水动力对沉积物-水界面氧通量产生机制的影响

选取三峡库区支流御临河为研究对象,测量了5个水动力条件（平均流速为0.00,0.03,0.07,0.12,0.20m/s）下沉积物-水界面（SWI）氧通量的变化及水动力条件对SWI氧通量产生机制的影响.结果表明,随着平均流速的升高,SWI氧通量增加,由0.00m/s时的1.197mmol/（m²·h）增加为0.20m/s时的43.981mmol/（m²·h）,溶解氧穿透深度增加,氧进入沉积物更深处并被微生物和还原性物质所利用,沉积物耗氧量上升;当平均流速较低时,沉积物耗氧量以生物耗氧量为主,在0.00m/s与0.03m/s时生物耗氧量为氧通量的85.3%与57.7%;当水体平均流速较高,化学耗氧量与其他耗氧量中的化学过程耗氧量在氧通量中的比重逐步提高.     

改进突变理论在井下排水方案优选中的应用

为了更精确合理地对新桥硫铁矿排水方案进行优选,对利用突变理论的方法进行优化,建立突变理论和熵权法相结合的改进模型。从经济和工程量方面出发,综合考虑了影响排水方案优选的3个层次的12个指标,统计样本数据。运用熵权法分层确定同一上层变量下各指标的客观权重,导入突变理论中,建立综合评价结构模型,消除了主观因素的影响。同时运用突变理论和EM-TOPSIS进行方案优选,通过对比3种方法的优选结果,证明了改进突变理论的可靠性与合理性。     

煤矿矸石山自燃爆炸机理初步分析与研究

就煤矿矸石山自燃机理、爆炸机理进行了分析研究,给出了煤矿矸石山自燃爆炸发生必要条件和外部影响因素.