保护层开采被保护层膨胀变形分析方法

基于传统的膨胀变形特征分析多是对被保护层在法线方向上通过测量两个定点 的距离变化来表征,这种从“两个定点”距离变化角度分析膨胀变形的方法只考虑被保 护层在法线方向上的变形特征,不能反应出被保护层的横向变形。针对计算结果不能全 面、准确的反应煤岩体的膨胀变形特征问题,首次提出了保护层开采过程中被保护层膨 胀变形的“四个定点围域面积”分析方法,该方法通过面积膨胀变化分析被保护层膨胀 变形特征。研究分析了在开采实践和实验室中“四个定点围域面积”的监测方案、面积 分析计算方法和“四个定点围域面积”的合理尺度。以沙曲矿多煤层开采相似模拟为背 景,分析了不同尺度下“四个定点围域面积”分析法的精度。研究表明,“四个定点围 域面积”分析方法较“两个定点”分析方法精度更高,被保护层厚度1倍尺度围域内划 分的面积单元格越多,膨胀变形计算精度越高。     

景观格局破碎化的粒度特征及其变异的分形定量研究

文章构建一种用于定量测度景观破碎化指标空间粒度特征的分形方法.该方法基于景观粒度特征中的幂律关系,利用双对数线性回归方法,获取了景观破碎化指标在粒度变换过程中的2个数量关系:拟合优度R2与分维数D,分别刻画景观指标粒度变换的分形特性和随空间粒度变化的程度.以1992—2011年间上海市景观破碎化的过程为例,利用提出的分形方法进行分析.研究显示,总体上内部生境面积破碎化指标FI1和FI2没有清晰的分形特性;均匀性指标EI在1992年分形特性显著而在2011年分形特性却不清晰;斑块形状破碎化指标FS1其分形特性同样不清晰,而指标FS2呈现显著的分形特性,并且分维数D表现为正值,即随空间粒度的增大景观指标FS2的值减小.结果表明,拟合优度R2与分维数D的有机组合,能够定量地刻画景观破碎化中的粒度变化特征.研究同时发现,景观指标随空间粒度的变化特征,受指标内在特性、研究数据、研究区域的景观结构以及实验数据重采样方法和方案的影响.该分形方法不但可以用来测度所例举的5种景观破碎化指标的粒度特征,更适用于测度Fragstats中被广泛使用的各种景观指标.     

基于DEA-ESDA的中国省际能源效率及其时空分异研究

提高能源效率是节约能源、解决能源供需矛盾的有效途径之一,以国内最高能源效率为比较标准计算能源效率并分析其区域差异对能源投入要素的合理配置具有重要的参考价值。论文通过DEA-ESDA模型对1990、2000 和2010 年我国各省市能源效率进行分析,并探索其空间集聚状态以及冷热点区域格局的演化,得出结论如下:①我国各省市能源效率的地带性差异显著,呈现出从东部沿海向西部地区递减的趋势;②科技投入低和基本要素配置的不合理是我国部分省市能源效率较低的主要原因,大致可以分为能源投入松弛、人力资源投入松弛、资本投入松弛和多种要素投入松弛四类;③能源效率与纯技术效率的空间集聚状态基本一致,而规模效率受制于资源禀赋等原因,集聚状态相对较弱,纯技术效率对能源效率的影响越来越明显;④能源效率的冷热点格局亦呈现地带性分布,能源效率与纯技术效率的演化过程高度一致,而规模效率呈现出相异的特征。提高能源利用效率的空间配置应重视纯技术效率及其在空间上的协调。     

Multiscale Drivers of Water Chemistry of Boreal Lakes and Streams

The variability in surface water chemistry within and between aquatic ecosystems is regulated by many factors operating at several spatial and temporal scales. The importance of geographic, regional-, and local-scale factors as drivers of the natural variability of three water chemistry variables representing buffering capacity and the importance of weathering (acid neutralizing capacity, ANC), nutrient concentration (total phosphorus, TP), and importance of allochthonous inputs (total organic carbon, TOC) were studied in boreal streams and lakes using a method of variance decomposition. Partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) of ANC, TP, and TOC and 38 environmental variables in 361 lakes and 390 streams showed the importance of the interaction between geographic position and regional-scale variables. Geographic position and regional-scale factors combined explained 15.3% (streams) and 10.6% (lakes) of the variation in ANC, TP, and TOC. The unique variance explained by geographic, regional, and local-scale variables alone was <10%. The largest amount of variance was explained by the pure effect of regional-scale variables (9.9% for streams and 7.8% for lakes), followed by local-scale variables (2.9% and 5.8%) and geographic position (1.8% and 3.7%). The combined effect of geographic position, regional-, and local-scale variables accounted for between 30.3% (lakes) and 39.9% (streams) of the variance in surface water chemistry. These findings lend support to the conjecture that lakes and streams are intimately linked to their catchments and have important implications regarding conservation and restoration (management) endeavors.     

燃煤电厂排渣输灰管道清垢器的设计

燃煤电厂输灰管道结垢问题影响发电机组的正常运行.设计研制一种输灰管道清垢器实现不停机除垢,避免传统酸洗对管道的腐蚀破坏和对环境的污染,同时大大降低了成本.设计过程中应用三维CAD建模,利用有限元方法对关键部件校验分析,缩短了设计周期,提高了清垢器的可靠性.     

隧道火灾的全尺寸试验研究

在3条公路隧道上进行了10次全尺寸试验,研究不通火灾条件和风速下烟气的运动情况。主要测量了各隧道1000m范围内的拱顶下方烟气温度、烟气层高度分布以及烟气前锋的运动情况等,并分析了纵向风速对火灾羽流形态、烟气前锋运动速度、隧道内线型缆式感温探测系统响应等的影响。此处所列的所有全尺寸试验数据可以进行进一步的分析,以便研究各种已知火灾模型在计算长隧道火灾时所得的结果是否有效。     

Iron stability in drinking water distribution systems in a city of China

A field study on the estimation and analysis of iron stability in drinking water distribution system was carried out in a city of China. The stability of iron ion was estimated by pC-pH figure. It was found that iron ion was unstable, with a high Fe （OH）3 precipitation tendency and obvious increase in turbidity. The outer layer of the corrosion scale was compact, while the inner core was porous. The main composition of the scale was iron, and the possible compound constitutes of the outer scale were α-FeOH, γ-FeOOH, α-Fe2O3, γ-F2O3, FeCl3, while the inner were Fe3O4, FeCl2, FeCO3. According to the characteristics of the corrosion scale, it was thought that the main reason for iron instability was iron release from corrosion scale. Many factors such as pipe materials, dissolved oxygen and chlorine residual affect iron release. Generally, higher iron release occurred with lower dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration, while lower iron release occurred with higher dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration. The reason was considered that the passivated out layer of scale of ferric oxide was broken down by reductive reaction in a condition of low oxidants concentration, which would result more rapid corrosion of the nine and red water phenomenon.     

急倾斜煤层煤巷支护试验研究

对急倾斜煤层中的永久性巷道的支护方式的选择及支护效果进行了系统研究.针对急倾斜煤层中巷道围岩活动的特点,从其支护所面临的困境入手,采用动态设计方法,通过实验室相似模拟、数值模拟和现场测试等综合手段,得出了锚梁网支护方式是该类巷道最有效的支护方式的结论,并取得了理想的支护效果.试验表明采用的设计方法是科学合理的,填补了急倾斜煤层巷道支护理论和设计方法的空白.该研究成果将给类似条件下的巷道支护提供有益的借鉴,因而有广阔的应用前景.     

Patterns of Spatial Autocorrelation in Stream Water Chemistry

Geostatistical models are typically based on symmetric straight-line distance, which fails to represent the spatial configuration, connectivity, directionality, and relative position of sites in a stream network. Freshwater ecologists have explored spatial patterns in stream networks using hydrologic distance measures and new geostatistical methodologies have recently been developed that enable directional hydrologic distance measures to be considered. The purpose of this study was to quantify patterns of spatial correlation in stream water chemistry using three distance measures: straight-line distance, symmetric hydrologic distance, and weighted asymmetric hydrologic distance. We used a dataset collected in Maryland, USA to develop both general linear models and geostatistical models (based on the three distance measures) for acid neutralizing capacity, conductivity, pH, nitrate, sulfate, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and dissolved organic carbon. The spatial AICC methodology allowed us to fit the autocorrelation and covariate parameters simultaneously and to select the model with the most support in the data. We used the universal kriging algorithm to generate geostatistical model predictions. We found that spatial correlation exists in stream chemistry data at a relatively coarse scale and that geostatistical models consistently improved the accuracy of model predictions. More than one distance measure performed well for most chemical response variables, but straight-line distance appears to be the most suitable distance measure for regional geostatistical modeling. It may be necessary to develop new survey designs that more fully capture spatial correlation at a variety of scales to improve the use of weighted asymmetric hydrologic distance measures in regional geostatistical models.     

生物膜法A/O系统处理腈纶废水工业试验

本工业试验规模为１４００—１６００ｔ／ｄ,装置Ａ／Ｏ容积比１：３,当平均停留时间２２．６ｈ,回流比３．２,水温约３５℃左右时,平均去除率ＣＯＤｃｒ达８８．３６％、ＢＯＤ５９７．４９％、ＴＮ７７．６７％、ＡＮ９９．４１％。出水各项指标平均值为ＣＯＤＣｒ５３．５７ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＢＯＤ５５．６ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＴＮ１４．９４ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＮＨ３－Ｎ６．９２ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＡＮ１．０２ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＮａＳＣＮ２．６７ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＳＳ仅２０ｍｇ／Ｌ,因此不设二沉池。