CANON中试反应器启动及性能优化

以青岛某污水处理厂污泥消化液为连续进水,控制温度在(30±3)℃,接种污水厂普通活性污泥,驯化启动CANON反应器.为解决菌种流失、优化反应器性能,向CANON反应器内投加悬浮生物载体,转换为生物膜CANON反应器.结果表明,经过130 d运行培养,总氮去除负荷达到0. 03 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),硝酸盐生成量与氨氮减少量的比值(RNaA)平均为0. 09,接近理论值0. 11,由此判断CANON反应器启动成功. CANON活性污泥反应器共运行300 d,稳定运行时总氮去除负荷为0. 20kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).投加悬浮载体后,经过30d运行培养,系统成功转换为纯膜系统,载体表面生物膜转为淡红色,TN平均去除负荷达到0. 17 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),RNaA平均为0. 14,略大于理论值0. 11.由此判断CANON污泥在MBBR工艺中逐渐适应并得以稳定运行. CANON-MBBR反应器共运行200 d,稳定运行期间,总氮去除负荷为1. 15 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).高通量测序结果表明,CANON-MBBR成功启动后,AOB和An AOB是系统中的优势菌种,相对丰度分别达到26. 24%和30. 08%,NOB被成功抑制.以上结果表明,以高密度聚乙烯填料为悬浮载体的CANON-MBBR具有良好的脱氮效能,有利于自养脱氮工艺的稳定运行.     

流域水生态功能区划及其关键问题

作为流域生态系统管理和水资源保护的重要手段,如何科学合理地开展流域水生态功能区划,已成为世界各国可持续发展所面临的关键挑战之一.本文立足我国流域综合管理的特点和发展趋势,针对我国现行水功能区划的问题,结合国外流域水生态区划的经验,提出了基于流域生态学、地域分异规律、生态系统健康与生态完整性、流域生态系统管理等理论基础的,以恢复流域持续性、完整性生态系统健康为目标,反映流域水陆耦合体在不同时空尺度景观异质性的流域水生态功能区划及其原则,重点分析了流域水生态系统的空间格局、生态过程以及动态演替等3个区划的关键问题,并提出了区划的方法,以期为我国流域水生态功能区划和流域生态系统管理提供战略层次的科学依据.     

土壤水蚀的环境效应:影响因素、研究热点与评价指标的评述

针对土壤水蚀过程,从其影响因素和环境效应产生的基本原理角度进行了分析,认为土壤水蚀是一个"受动"或"次生"过程,受到自然和人类活动因素的影响和制约;土壤水蚀的发生、发展也会影响本地和异地环境系统,表现出一系列环境效应.针对土壤水蚀环境效应的研究主要集中在水蚀过程对土壤质量、植物生产力与植被恢复、非点源污染风险、碳循环及全球变化的影响等方面.土壤水蚀环境效应评价的指标体系可以从"水"、"土"、"气"、"生"4大方面构建,由于地球表层固有的地域差异性以及研究目标的不同,很难形成能够适用于所有地理环境条件和情境的标准化指标体系.相比之下,基本指标加可选指标的模块化建构方式更具可操作性.具体指标及其数据获取和分析方法具有尺度性.     

城市化下景观格局对河流水质变化的空间尺度效应分析

研究不同空间尺度上景观组成与结构变量对城市河流水质的影响程度和机制对于流域生态保护具有重要意义.以汉江流域襄阳城区段8个水质监测断面为中心,利用GIS软件以河流为对象生成8种空间尺度的缓冲区域,采用景观格局指数、冗余分析等方法与模型,识别景观格局对河流水质影响最有效的河岸带空间尺度,以及其与水质的相互关系.结果表明:①总体上农用地和城市用地的面积占比随缓冲区宽度上升而增加,而其他景观类型呈相反的变化特征.②景观格局在不同宽度缓冲区内对河流水质的影响具有空间尺度性,在300 m宽度解释能力最大,达到了78.5%.③景观组成变量中仅园地的面积比例(PLAND_(GAR))在400 m宽度上与水质指标存在相关关系.④影响水质变化的主要景观类型在小尺度上是城市用地,相对较大尺度上是林业用地,并且城市用地和林业用地的斑块密度(PD_(URB)和PD_(FOR))对河流水质的负面影响最为显著.结果反映了300 m宽度是景观格局对水质变化的最佳临界区,景观组成变量对水质的影响程度小于景观结构变量.同时,不同景观类型对水质的影响机制也具有差异性,林业用地分布越密集、面积越大对进入水体的污染物净化作用越明显,而分散分布的城市区域对水质退化的作用显著.园地和草地因种植方式的差异对水质变化有一定的影响;而农业用地与水质之间没有发现显著的相关性.研究结果可以从宏观尺度上为流域水环境保护、景观优化与管理提供科学依据.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch system

To achieve high efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to investigate the rule of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification phosphorus removal(SNDPR),a whole course of SNDPR damage and recovery was studied in a pilot-scale,anaerobicanoxic oxidation ditch(OD),where the volumes of anaerobic zone,anoxic zone,and ditches zone of the OD system were 7,21,and 280L,respectively.The reactor was fed with municipal wastewater with a flow rate of 336 L/d.The concept of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND)rate(rSND) was put forward to quantify SND.The results indicate that:(1)high nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were achieved during the stable SND phase,total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphate(TP) removal rates were 80%and 85%,respectively;(2)when the system was aerated excessively,the stability of SND was damaged,and rSND dropped from 80% to 20%or less;(3)the natural logarithm of the ratio of NOx to MJ4 in the effluent had a linear correlation to oxidation-reduction potential (ORP);(4)when NO3- was less than 6 mg/L.high phosphorus removal efficiency could be achieved;(5)denitrifying phosphorus removal (DNPR) could take place in the anaerobic-anoxic OD system.The major innovation was that the SND rate was devised and quantified.     

汕头市练江流域景观格局与水质的关联分析

水环境对景观格局的变化极为敏感,水域(湿地)面积、分布格局、水质、水文特征等的变化,与土地变化和人类活动有着密切的关系,明确影响水质变化的关键景观因子,对于深入了解景观格局对水质的影响机制具有重要的研究价值.该研究选择广东省汕头市练江流域为研究对象,以2019年TM卫星影像、水质监测以及工业点源污染数据为基础,利用Sp...     

Scale dependency in effectiveness,isolation, and social‐ecological spillover of protected areas

Protected areas are considered vital for the conservation of biodiversity. Given their central role in many conservation strategies, it is important to know whether they adequately protect biodiversity within their boundaries; whether they are becoming more isolated from other natural areas over time; and whether they play a role in facilitating or reducing land‐cover change in their surroundings. We used matching methods and national and local analyses of land‐cover change to evaluate the combined effectiveness (i.e., avoided natural‐cover loss), isolation (i.e., changes in adjacent areas), and spillover effects (i.e., impacts on adjacent areas) of 19 national parks in South Africa from 2000 to 2009. All parks had either similar or lower rates of natural‐cover loss than matched control samples. On a national level, mean net loss of natural cover and mean net gain of cultivation cover decreased with distance from park boundary, but there was considerable variation in trends around individual parks, providing evidence for both increased isolation and buffering of protected areas. Fourteen parks had significant positive spillover and reduced natural‐cover loss in their surroundings, whereas five parks experienced elevated levels of natural‐cover loss. Conclusions about social‐ecological spillover effects from protected areas depended heavily on the measures of land‐cover change used and the scale at which the results were aggregated. Our findings emphasize the need for high‐resolution data when assessing spatially explicit phenomena such as land‐cover change and challenge the usefulness of large‐scale (coarse grain, broad extent) studies for understanding social‐ecological dynamics around protected areas.     

A habitat‐based approach to predict impacts of marine protected areas on fishers

Although marine protected areas can simultaneously contribute to biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, the global network is biased toward particular ecosystem types because they have been established primarily in an ad hoc fashion. The optimization of trade‐offs between biodiversity benefits and socioeconomic values increases success of protected areas and minimizes enforcement costs in the long run, but it is often neglected in marine spatial planning (MSP). Although the acquisition of spatially explicit socioeconomic data is perceived as a costly or secondary step in MSP, it is critical to account for lost opportunities by people whose activities will be restricted, especially fishers. We developed an easily reproduced habitat‐based approach to estimate the spatial distribution of opportunity cost to fishers in data‐poor regions. We assumed the most accessible areas have higher economic and conservation values than less accessible areas and their designation as no‐take zones represents a loss of fishing opportunities. We estimated potential distribution of fishing resources from bathymetric ranges and benthic habitat distribution and the relative importance of the different resources for each port of total catches, revenues, and stakeholder perception. In our model, we combined different cost layers to produce a comprehensive cost layer so that we could evaluate of trade‐offs. Our approach directly supports conservation planning, can be applied generally, and is expected to facilitate stakeholder input and community acceptance of conservation.     

适用于移动平台的河流突发污染溯源算法研究

提出了一种适用于小型移动水质检测平台的一维均一地表水单点源污染物溯源新算法,即通过计算污染物在时间域和空间域的质量浓度导数来反推污染物初始排放点的位置、排放时间及污染物总量.首先,通过算例仿真研究表明,此方法具有较高的溯源精度(与理论距离偏差在10％以内).其次,结合目前移动检测的实际限制(平台长度、取样时间等),对算法中涉及的采样时间、距离等因素的选择进行分析,对移动平台的溯源操作给出了优化建议,以确保有较高的溯源精度.最后,通过实验室水槽缩尺模型试验验证了算法有较高溯源精度(最大偏差在30％以内),从而在原理上证明了该算法适用于特定流域下的移动水质污染溯源.     

Use of Single Large or Several Small Policies as Strategies to Manage People–Park Interactions

Biodiversity conservation has been criticized for undermining or ignoring social well‐being. Currently efforts to mutually promote social justice, rural development, and biodiversity conservation, which have been contentious and yielded mixed results, continue to spread despite a general dearth of effective management strategies. We contend that social and economic concerns should be integral to conservation planning and propose that the scale of these phenomena is also critical. To evaluate the merit of this proposal, we adopted and expanded a conservation management strategy framework developed by Joel Heinen and examined how population density, economic disparity, and ethnic heterogeneity vary spatially surrounding 2 contrasting protected areas in East Africa: Kibale National Park in Uganda and Tarangire National Park in Tanzania. Analyses of demographic, wealth, and ethnicity data from regional censuses and household surveys conducted in 2009 and 2010 indicated that choice of scale (landscape or community) changed the management strategies recommended by the model. Therefore, “several small” people?park management strategies varying around a given protected area may be more appropriate than a “single large” people–park strategy applied across an entire protected area. Correspondingly, scale adjusted Heinen recommendations offered new strategies for effective conservation management within these human landscapes not incorporated in current in situ management plans. Uso de Varias Políticas Pequeñas o una Única Política Mayor como Estrategias para Manejar las Interacciones Gente – Parque