臭氧对中温循环冷却水系统的缓蚀性能研究

循环冷却水系统中普遍存在结垢腐蚀现象,目前常用的解决方法是在系统中加入缓蚀阻垢药剂,臭氧(O3)对循环水冷却系统同时具备阻垢、缓蚀、杀菌等多重功能。采用臭氧处理中温循环冷却水,研究在不同臭氧投加量时系统的腐蚀情况,确定最佳投加量。结果表明:当臭氧投加量为4.5 mg/L时,20碳钢和铸铁的缓蚀能力最佳。20碳钢腐蚀率最低为0.228 mm/a,比空白对照组降低了75%;铸铁的最低腐蚀率为0.282 mm/a,比空白对照组降低了61.5%。当臭氧投加量为9.0 mg/L时,镀锌试片的腐蚀率在0.206~0.275 mm/a,比空白对照组降低了38.2%左右,缓蚀效果较为明显。     

Cognitive and affective identification: Exploring the links between different forms of social identification and personality with work attitudes and behavior

Individuals often identify with groups in order to either reduce perceived uncertainty or to feel better about who they are as individuals. This suggests that cognitive and affective identification are two distinctive forms of social identification in organizational settings. Because neurotic individuals are highly motivated to reduce perceived uncertainty, they will tend to identify cognitively with groups. Extraverted individuals, on the other hand, are highly motivated to enhance how they feel about themselves and thus identify affectively with groups. Across three studies, we develop measures of cognitive and affective identification and then show that neuroticism is positively related to cognitive identification, whereas extraversion is positively related to affective identification. We also find that affective identification provides incremental predictive validity over and above cognitive identification in the prediction of organizational commitment, organizational involvement, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

淮河水质变清的产业规模制约与规划漏洞补丁

为分析产业规模对淮河水质变清的制约作用,论证实现淮河水质变清目标的必要条件,考察规划方案的不充分性缺陷,首先计算了少数几个行业的部分产品在完全达标排放情形下的COD排污总量。根据1995年淮河流域四省少数几个行业的部分产品实际产量和当时执行的水污染物排放标准,计算得到的COD达标排污总量值(36.95万t)就已超过水质变清目标下的最大允许排放总量值(36.8万t),其中流域内造纸行业的COD达标排放总量就高达27.66万t,占实现淮河流域水质变清目标时所允许最大排放量36.8万t的75.2%。《淮河流域水污染防治规划及"九五"计划》未涉及行业或产品的规模控制、最大允许COD排污总量的行业或产品分配、目标可达性与方案充分性的论证等内容。规划方案与规划目标是相互脱节的,无法保障规划目标的实现。产业结构中排污负荷高的产品生产规模过大且没有得到严格有效的压缩控制是导致淮河流域水质变清目标未能实现的重要原因之一。要想实现淮河水质变清,严格控制全流域内排污负荷高的工业产品总产量规模是必要条件之一。     

SARS流行期的气候学尺度分析

对SARS疫区流行期的气候特征作了统计分析.发现它们共同的特征是月均温在5～22 ℃,降水偏少,约在90 mm以下,其中疫情爆发月均温13～17 ℃.在疫区,如果出现气温日较差较小、大气污染指数高的天气,大约8 d后出现疫情峰值.由于SARS第一次在人群中发现,并且缺乏病毒学研究,本项研究的结论是解释性的.     

北京地区湿式脱硫除尘系统管路结垢现象分析

分析了北京地区供热企业湿式脱硫除尘系统普遍存在的循环水管路结垢问题,指出体系中Ca^2 和SO^2-4的积累是造成结垢的根本原因,采用合适的烟气脱硫方法和工艺是解决脱硫设备结垢问题的根本所在;添加少量合适絮凝剂是减少循环水系统管路结垢的重要措施。     

基于概率模型的农地转用外部性测算——以天津市静海区为例

准确地量化农地转用外部性能够为促进外部性内化、建设用地聚集的政策提供参考。论文对农地转用外部性界定和识别进行了理论分析,利用农地转用概率模型估算天津市静海区2006—2014年农地转用的外部性,分析地块特征对农地转用概率的影响,讨论了外部性与建设用地聚集的关系。针对静海区2006—2014年数据的分析结果表明,每有1 hm²农地转用为商住用地,周边0~200、200~400、800~1 600 m范围农地受外部性影响分别为0.91×10⁴、0.91×10⁴、0.33×10⁴ 元/hm²,每有1 hm²农地转用为住宅用地,周边800~1 600 m范围内农地受外部性影响为0.18×10⁴ 元/hm²。农地转用正外部性偏小,聚集效应不足,可能是建设用地分散的重要原因,论文还对外部性测算方法以及地块特征的农地转用影响进行了讨论。     

多重密度布点对土壤有机质空间特性的解析

论文以张家港市耕层土壤有机质（Soil organic matter, SOM）为目标变量,通过网格布点建立11种样点密度梯度,运用经典统计学和地统计学方法研究其空间特性随布点密度变化的趋势规律。结果表明,各密度下SOM的变异系数稳定在21.70%~23.12%之间,表现出中等程度变异;随着布点密度降低,SOM的块基比和分维数分别由37.52%、1.838波动降至18.70%、1.714,Moran’s I则由0.485起伏升高至0.857,相应地其空间变异中结构变异组分增多、随机变异贡献减少,空间自相关性也逐渐增强;SOM呈现西南-东北递减分布,随着样点密度减小,其空间格局趋于简化。论文以布点密度为视窗,揭示了SOM的多重空间尺度特征,可为解析土壤属性的层级结构提供参考依据。     

江汉平原县域尺度土壤有机质空间变异特征与合理采样数研究

土壤有机质含量是衡量土壤肥力和评价耕地质量的重要指标。在县域尺度下,利用合理数量的样点反映其空间分异特征具有重要意义。论文选取位于江汉平原腹地的湖北省公安县为研究区,布设了4 045个样点并测定其有机质含量,采用半方差分析得到土壤有机质空间变异特征,基于Moran’s I揭示空间变异较大地区,并通过二分法的思想逼近最佳合理采样数值。结果表明：研究区土壤有机质分布呈中等空间相关性,有6个局部区域的空间变异明显高于邻近地区,采样点数量与插值精度呈正相关,合理采样数为598个。研究结果可以为江汉平原县域耕地质量监测和管控提供指导。     

Anthropogenic factors and their potential impacts on the sustainable development of Abu Dhabi's terrestrial biological resources

SUMMARY

Since the discovery of oil, the United Arab Emirates has undergone a process of rapid development, increasingly affecting the ecosystems of the country. Limited scientific literature dealing with these ecosystems is available, although a process of comprehensive ecological research has been initiated over the last few years. Further information on the soils, vegetation, fauna and climate are required in order to initiate a process of sustainable use of natural resources.

Abu Dhabi Emirate was surveyed for anthropogenic factors in its habitats using an off-road vehicle, a global positioning system (GPS) and satellite imagery. The emirate was divided into six geomorphological units. Livestock was found to be the most common anthropogenic factor and is believed to have caused degradation of the natural vegetation. Agriculture, silviculture and urbanization were common and caused habitat loss and fragmentation. Rubbish dumping, earth moving and car tracks were also widespread, whereas air pollution and fences were limited. Four of Abu Dhabi's geomorphological units were classified as low-impact zones, two as low- to medium-impact zones and one as a medium- to major-impact zone. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and detailed ecological research were suggested as future mechanisms to implement sustainable development, and livestock control was suggested as a tool for habitat restoration.     

Using a sub-grid scale modeling approach to simulate the transport and fate of toxic air pollutants

Several air toxics are emitted from mobile sources on roadways and these emissions account for a significant fraction of the health risks to the population. In addition, health effect studies are now becoming more comprehensive and some account for the spatial heterogeneities of air pollutant concentration fields (as is the case near roadways). Standard models can simulate either the near-source concentration fields or the urban background, but no model can handle both spatial scales in the vicinity of roadways in a coherent and scientifically correct manner. Here, we present a model that provides such an integrated treatment by combining a grid-based air quality model of the urban background with a plume-in-grid representation of roadway emissions. The model is applied to simulate near-roadway concentrations due to emissions from a busy interstate highway in New York City. Qualitative comparisons with typical measured concentration profiles show that the model captures the observed features of toxic air pollutant concentrations near roadways.