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161.
采用合理的模具结构、选择合适的模具材料、采用适宜的热处理工艺和表面强化工艺以及提高模具的加工质量等都可以显著提高温冲压模具的使用寿命。分析了超高强度钢制深盲孔壳体温冲压成形时,模具的工作条件及其失效形式,提出了能有效提高该壳体温冲压模具寿命的具体措施。 相似文献
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Based on 2890 prenatal diagnoses from 12 European countries the risk for a chromosomally abnormal fetus at amniocentesis after the birth of a child with a chromosome abnormality has been estimated to be 1.3 per cent when the mother's age is 34 years or less at amniocentesis and 1.8 per cent if the mother is older. This risk does not depend on paternal age, and it is independent of the type of the chromosome abnormality of the index child. Some geographical heterogeneities were detected. Therefore, the overall risk has to be considered as a rough estimate. The chromosome constitution of the abnormal fetus differed from that of the index patient in 21 of 41 cases. Several explanations for the higher risk have been discussed. If the index child had trisomy 18, 13 or a sex chromosome abnormality, the fetus tended to be a female. If the index child was a trisomy 21, the fetal sex ratio was normal. 相似文献
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高浓度有机氰废水的好氧可生化性研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
采用BODs/COD比值法和好氧呼吸曲线法在国内外首次针对高浓度有机氰废水及其污染物进行了全面的好氧可生化性的研究。结果表明,6种废水中,一段、二段急冷废水的可生化性能很差,很难用生化法进行处理I四效蒸发液,四效冷凝液可生化性较好适于生化处理,腈纶工艺废水在低浓度下,可以用生化法处理;高浓度有机氰废水中的9种污染物,丙烯腈、乙腈、丙烯酸、CN^-的好氧可生化性能较差,高浓度下对活性污泥有抑制作用,聚合物的可生化性能最差,根本无法被好氧生物降解。 相似文献
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典型背景点降水化学组份的分析 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
全球背景降水划分为海洋型,内陆型和海洋与内陆相间型三种,以太平洋的Amsterdam和大西洋的S;Georges为例,研究海洋型背景降水受海洋大气环流控制,化学组分来源于海洋气溶胶。分析了澳大利亚Katherine海洋与内陆相间型,背景降水化学组份来主要来源于海洋气溶胶和内陆大气污染传输两者的相关性。 相似文献
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Background Frequent application of Bordeaux mixture, which includes copper, as a fungicide in fruit and grape orchards may lead to copper accumulation in the soil, especially when orchard age and application times increase. The objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the copper content and its spatial distribution in orchard soils; (ii) to identify the copper fractionation in soil and its relationship with plant uptake; (iii) to understand the characteristics of copper contamination in orchard soils. Materials and Methods Soil profile samples were taken in apple orchards with ages of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 years and pot experiments were also carried out to study the effects of external copper input on copper fractionation. All soil samples were air-dried, ground and extracted with 0.43 mol L1 HNO3 for the total absorbed copper. Fractionation determination was conducted following Tessier and Shuman sequential extraction methods, and copper was measured with AAS. Plant samples were first dry ashed, dissolved with 6 mol L1 HCl and then copper and other elements were measured with ICP-MS.Results and Discussion Soil total Cu was higher in the apple orchards than that in non-orchard fields and was seen to have increased with orchard age. Soil Cu increased substantially with the average annual copper increase, ranging from 2.5 to 9 mg Cu kg1. The distribution of copper in the soil profile was uneven, decreasing from surface to deeper layers, and the differences were significant, but the contents in every layer were also significantly correlated with those in the next layers.
For all copper fractions, the organically bound, crystalline Mn oxide bound, and amorphous Fe bound fractions extracted with the Shuman method were much higher than the exchangeable and residual fractions. Using the Tessier method, organically bound, carbonate bound and Fe-Mn oxide bound fractions were much higher. With an increase in external copper input, the organically bound, crystalline Mn oxide bound and amorphous Fe bound fractions in the Shuman method and organically bound, carbonate bound and Fe-Mn oxide bound fractions in the Tessier method all increased significantly, while the changes in other fractions were not significant.
Soil total copper and copper fractions were found to have good correlations with apple tree uptake. Copper in fruit flesh had significant correlations with soil total content in the 010 cm layer, all the copper fractions in the 05 cm layer, and some fractions in the deeper layers. Conclusion Copper content in orchard soils increased significantly with intensive application of Bordeaux mixtures and orchard age. Copper content decreased sharply from the topsoil to deeper soil layers. The copper contents in different layers also significantly correlated with those in the next layers. Dominant fractions of the copper in soil were mainly associated with organic matter, iron and manganese oxides and carbonates. A close relationship was found between the copper content in soils and in apple tree organs (which contained 8.9 to 66mg kg1 Cu). Recommendation and Perspective Though most copper in the soil was specifically adsorbed or immobilized, and copper was mainly distributed in topsoil, which was essentially devoid of roots, the copper concentration of fruit still had significantly positive correlations with soil copper and most copper fractions. Therefore, measures must be taken to control copper accumulation in orchard soils and to make the apple fruit production sustainable. 相似文献