舰船设备振动试验方法的探讨

目的探讨舰船设备振动试验中的几个问题并提出解决方法。方法分析GJB 150.16A,GJB4.7—83和MIL-STD-167-1A等振动试验标准,找出其中存在的缺点。阐述实验室模拟与实际环境的差异,提出改进建议。结果 GJB 150.16A中没有明确说明随机部分和正弦部分是单独试验还是叠加试验,GJB 4.7—83和MIL-STD-167-1A中没有给出随机振动的条件,只有正弦振动部分。结论对于标准中存在的缺点,在每个轴向,首先进行一半的功能试验,再进行随机叠加正弦/随机振动,最后进行另一半功能试验。对于实验室模拟与实际环境存在差异的问题,通过采用力谱控制、采用模拟舰船结构的夹具、规定安装方式、对环境条件进行反复迭代等方法改进。     

火灾事故致因的多因素灰色关联分析

运用灰色关联分析方法,以河南省6年的火灾事故统计数据为例,通过计算和分析纵火、电气、违反操作规程等多因素与火灾事故间的灰色关联度及灰色关联序;确定出影响火灾事故的主要相关因素;得出火灾多因素与火灾事故间关系的定量化分析结果。该研究为确定火灾因素间的关系提供了一种较为科学的定量评价方法,对分析事故主要原因、掌握火灾事故发生规律提供支撑,对提出有效对策有重要的理论意义和实用价值;同时,有利于减少火灾事故的发生,促进社会的安全与稳定。     

Kinetics of endosulfan sorption on to wood charcoal

Abstract

A part of the research work conducted to evaluate the efficiency of a locally available low cost wood charcoal in removing endosulfan, an organochlorine insecticide, has been presented here in this paper. In the batch experiments conducted at 1 mg/I initial concentration of endosulfan, it was found that wood charcoal could remove endosulfan from water up to 95%. Kinetic profiles were developed for various conditions and they followed second order kinetic reactions. Adsorption equilibrium time was determined by two different approaches namely rough estimate and 2% slope criteria. The equilibrium time was found to be 5 hrs. Forward, reverse, and overall reaction rate constants were determined by approximating the kinetic data to the first order reversible kinetic model. Rate constants increased with increasing initial concentration of endosulfan. Rate limiting process was determined by using kinetics data and further confirmed by the multiple interruption test. Pore and film diffusion coefficients were determined from the half time equations. Film diffusion appeared to be the rate limiting which was further supported by the multiple interruption test.     

A generalized differential method to calculate lumped kinetic triplet of the nth order model for the global one-step heterogeneous reaction using TG data

Computing kinetic triplet is of importance for the process safety of combustion/gasification industries to establish the chemical reaction scheme and to assess the hazardous risk. Few approaches have been capable of calculating lumped kinetic triplet at one time efficiently, which might be attributed to the fact that the analytical solution for the nonlinear ordinary differential equation (NNODE) for the n^th order reaction model has not been found yet. This paper presents an analytical solution of NNODE to compute kinetic triplet. Results showed that the proposed method (mass fraction curve-fitting error ϕ = 1.49%–2.07%) is more efficient to compute kinetic triplet of the n^th order reaction model, comparing to genetic algorithm (GA) optimization (ϕ = 1.43%–1.81%), Coats-Redfern (ϕ = 2.36%–3.16%), peak-shape, and isoconversional methods. A compensation effect between lnA and E_a is observed due to heating rates. Effects of exported data quality and smooth processing on computation of kinetic triplet are discussed. It is the first time that an analytical solution of NNODE (n^th order model) for global one-step heterogeneous reaction is derived for computing kinetic triplet. This work may help to search for analytical solutions of power-law and Avrami-Erofeev models in the future to efficiently calculate kinetic triplet for accelerating and sigmoidal reaction systems.     

基于犹豫直觉模糊集-TOPSIS的危险品多式联运风险评估

为了对危险品的多式联运系统风险进行评估,首先在"人、机、管、环"4M理论的基础上,将多式联运中"转运"这一特殊流程考虑进去,以"人、机、管、环、转运"这5个因素作为决策问题中的属性;其次,采用犹豫直觉模糊语言集为决策者的初始决策矩阵赋值,并利用均值-标准差的汉明距离来衡量两个犹豫直觉模糊语言数之间的距离;然后,以危险品多式联运系统中的风险为标准,采用基于犹豫直觉模糊语言集的TOPSIS方法进行不同方案的决策。最后,以磷酸在宜昌-衢州之间的运输为案例,对4种常用运输方案进行风险评估,以综合评价指数进行对比。结果表明,在先水路后铁路、先水路后公路、先公路后铁路、先铁路后公路4种方案中,从宜昌到衢州之间先公路后铁路的运输方式所得综合评价值最高,应选择方案3。     

影响环境质量的关键因子的识别方法

影响环境质量的因素很多 ,它们所起作用各异 ,为尽可能客观地找出其中的关键因子 ,有针对性地进行环境治理或准确地评价环境治理效果 ,设计了一套直接寻找关键因子的方法 ,称作增量趋势法。该法是利用环境监测数据Ci 与标准值Cis,计算出各因子的相对超标量 yi1=[Ci(t) -Cis]/Cis 及相对变化量yi2 =[Ci(t) -Ci(t- 1) ]/Ci(t- 1) ;根据相对超标量yi1和相对变化量 yi2的符号 (>0或≤ 0 )的不同组合方式 ,将各因子分成 4种状态 ,再在各状态中 ,依 yi1和 yi2 的数值大小进行子排序 ;最后 ,由各因子所处的状态与位次进行总排序 ,找出关键因子。为说明该方法如何运用 ,以南京市内秦淮河水质为例 ,分析了各水污染因子所处的状态 ,并进行了排序 ,同时还与传统方法做了简单的对比。结果表明增量趋势法具有如下特点 :(1)物理意义明确 ,分析方法简明 ,适宜于用计算机和环境信息数据库进行自动分析 ;(2 )由于增量趋势法是利用原始监测数据 ,通过简单运算来寻找关键因子的 ,因此 ,能客观地判别各污染因子所起的作用 ,揭示污染治理的效果 ,找出污染加剧的原因 ,增加评价的准确性 ,减少治理时的盲目性 ;(3)趋势增量法同时还考虑了污染因子的动态演变过程 ,可分析随时间推移各因子趋于好转或恶化的变化趋势 ,与许多静态方     

Model parameterization for aerobic decomposition of plant resources drowned during man-made lakes formation

The formation of man-made reservoirs generates several impacts on water quality. In order to minimize some of these impacts mathematical models are currently used. This paper aims to discuss the issue associated with the degradation of plant resources (leaves, branches, barks and litter) that remain within the watershed of the new man-made lakes and parameterize a kinetic model related to decay of plant detritus. In these environments, the short-term variation of limnological parameters is mainly connected with biomass decay drowned during the filling operation. The kinetics of the degradation processes in reservoirs are discussed on the basis of information with related to detritus sources and the chemical properties of different types of compounds (i.e. labile and refractory fractions). Overall, the parameterization of the (first order) kinetic model showed that refractory fractions (ca. 86%) are predominant and the mineralization is a slow process, constituting the main route for decomposition and being affected by changes of environmental variables. The mineralization of labile and hydrosoluble compounds (ca. 14%) is responsible for the short-term water quality variation owing to decomposition; basically, the intensities of these changes depend on the labile/soluble compounds content of detritus and its chemical composition.     

从“限塑令”说环保

在“白色污染”对地球所造成积重难返的危害的情况下，“限塑令”应运而生，并得以大力推广和奉行。“限塑令”督促着人们环保意识的提高与加强，而规划和倡导“公共环保”尚需多方面的共同努力。     

社会发展指标体系的建立与应用

选择有代表性的重要指标组成社会发展指标体系,用科学的方法进行国际间、地区间的综合评估与排序,比较各地的进步与差距。评估方法具有开拓性和实用性,社会效果较好。     

Refuge‐Effect Hypothesis and the Demise of the Dodo

The Dodo was last sighted on the inshore island of Ile d'Ambre in 1662, nearly 25 years after the previous sighting on the mainland of Mauritius. It has been suggested that its survival on the inshore island is representative of the refuge effect. Understanding what constitutes significant persistence is fundamental to conservation. I tested the refuge‐effect hypothesis for the persistence of the Dodo (Raphus cucullatus) on an inshore island beyond that of the mainland population. For a location to be considered a refuge, most current definitions suggest that both spatial and temporal isolation from the cause of disturbance are required. These results suggest the island was not a refuge for the Dodo because the sighting in 1662 was not temporally isolated from that of the mainland sightings. Furthermore, with only approximately 350 m separating Ile d'Ambre from the mainland of Mauritius, it is unlikely this population of Dodos was spatially isolated. Hipótesis del Efecto Refugio y la Desaparición del Dodo