高岭土负载纳米铁镍双金属去除水中偶氮染料直接耐晒黑G

采用液相还原法制备焙烧高岭土负载纳米铁镍双金属（CK-Fe/Ni）。考察了在不同条件下,如pH、投加量、初始浓度、温度等,对负载型纳米铁镍双金属降解水中偶氮染料直接耐晒黑G的影响及动力学研究。结果表明：在pH=9.49、温度为30℃、负载型纳米铁镍双金属的投加量为1.05 g/L、搅拌速度为60 r/min,经过20 min反应后,负载型纳米铁镍双金属降解水中偶氮染料直接耐晒黑G的去除率达到了99.98%。吸附和电镜表征结果表明,作为载体的焙烧高岭土起着吸附直接耐晒黑G和分散纳米铁镍双金属颗粒的作用导致反应活性提高。降解动力学数据表明,负载型纳米铁镍双金属对直接耐晒黑G的降解过程符合伪一级反应动力学规律,速率常数k随负载型纳米铁镍双金属的投加量的增加而提高,表观活化能为19.72 kJ/mol。最后,利用高岭土负载纳米铁镍双金属对废水处理,结果表明,负载型纳米铁镍双金属在实际废水中对直接耐晒黑G的去除率达到了99.98%。     

ZnO nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity on human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell line LTEP-a-2

Novel nanoparticles (NPs) such as zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs are widely produced and applied in our daily lives at a rapid pace. Thus, the toxicity of ZnO NPs should be monitored as an important standard for environmental risk assessment. Here we assessed the in vitro cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs on human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells LTEP-a-2 by tetrazolium salt colorimetric assay of cell proliferation in the presence or absence of ZnO NPs. ZnO NPs-induced morphological changes in LTEP-a-2 cells were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanism by which ZnO NPs impose the cytotoxic effect was investigated by a combination of active oxygen test, lactose dehydrogenase-release assay, and apoptosis detection. Results showed that ZnO NPs significantly inhibited the proliferation and induced evident morphological changes (cell shrinkage and chromosome condensation) in LTEP-a-2 cells. Additionally, ZnO NPs increased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species and induced the formation of apoptotic vesicles as well as the lysis of cell nuclei. Zn²⁺ ions released from ZnO NPs into aqueous solution are important components that exert cytotoxic effects on LTEP-a-2 cells. This study provides new insights to the cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs against human health.     

纳米硒化银的生物合成及其对染料的吸附去除

利用菌株Pantoea sp.IMH实现了硒化银纳米颗粒的生物合成,同时,结合高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、能谱成像(EDX-mapping)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)等多种表征手段对硒化银纳米颗粒进行了表征分析.结果表明,所合成的硒化银纳米颗粒的粒径为10~20 nm,其纳米颗粒的晶面间距为0.225 nm,对应于Ag2Se的(031)晶面.所合成的纳米颗粒的衍射环对应的标准Ag2Se晶面为(013)、(031)和(113)面.XRD结果表明,纳米颗粒的晶面为(111)、(112)和(004)晶面,说明菌株IMH能够合成纳米硒化银晶体.通过以不同电性的染料分子亚甲基蓝(阳性)、日落黄(阴性)、靛蓝(中性)作为目标分子进行吸附去除应用探索,发现硒化银纳米颗粒对阳性和中性染料分子有良好的吸附去除效果.这是由于硒化银纳米颗粒表面带有负电荷(Zeta电位分别为-11.8 m V(p H=5)、-13.0 m V(p H=7)、-13.0 m V(p H=9)).本研究为硒化银纳米颗粒的生物合成提供了新思路,拓展了硒化银纳米颗粒的合成方法.     

Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by Trichoderma sp. WL-Go for azo dyes decolorization

Developing an eco-friendly approach for metallic nanoparticles synthesis is important in current nanotechnology research. In this study, green synthesis of gold nanoparticles(AuNPs) was carried out by a newly isolated strain Trichoderma sp. WL-Go. UV–vis spectra of Au NPs showed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 550 nm, and transmission electron microscopy images revealed that the Au NPs were of varied shape with well dispersibility.The optimal conditions for Au NPs synthesis were HAuCl_4 1.0 mmol/L, biomass 0.5 g and pH 7–11. Moreover, the bio-Au NPs could efficiently catalyze the decolorization of various azo dyes. This research provided a new microbial resource candidate for green synthesis of Au NPs and demonstrated the potential application of bio-Au NPs for azo dye decolorization.     

Comparative cytotoxicity of nanoparticles and ions to Escherichia coli in binary mixtures

The objective of this study was to understand toxicity of mixture of nanoparticles (NPs) (ZnO and TiO₂) and their ions to Escherichia coli. Results indicated the decrease in percentage growth of E. coli with the increase in concentration of NPs both in single and mixture setups. Even a small concentration of 1 mg/L was observed to be significantly toxic to E. coli in binary mixture setup (exposure concentration: 1 mg/L ZnO and 1 mg/L TiO₂; 21.15% decrease in plate count concentration with respect to control). Exposure of E. coli to mixture of NPs at 1000 mg/L (i.e., 1000 mg/L ZnO and 1000 mg/L TiO₂) resulted in 99.63% decrease in plate count concentration with respect to control. Toxic effects of ions to E. coli were found to be lesser than their corresponding NPs. The percentage growth reduction was found to be 36% for binary mixture of zinc and titanium ions at the highest concentration (i.e., 803.0 mg/L Zn and 593.3 mg/L Ti where ion concentrations are equal to the Zn ions present in 1000 mg/L ZnO NP solution and Ti^+ 4 ions present in 1000 mg/L TiO₂ NP solution). Nature of mixture toxicity of the two NPs to E. coli was found to be antagonistic. The alkaline phosphatase (Alp) assay indicated that the maximum damage was observed when E. coli was exposed to 1000 mg/L of mixture of NPs. This study tries to fill the knowledge gap on information of toxicity of mixture of NPs to bacteria which has not been reported earlier.     

微米级核壳量子点团聚体在生物膜中的扩散与溶解及其毒性

包括量子点在内的人工纳米颗粒是近年来突出的环境污染物,为确定其在生物膜中的扩散过程和特征,应用TIRF（全内反射荧光）、FRAP（荧光漂白后恢复）等技术,研究了CdTe/CdS/ZnS核壳式量子的微米级的团聚体在细菌Comamonas testoteroni生物膜表面的吸附动力学、生物膜内部的扩散及其在生物膜中的溶解和毒性.结果表明:通过TIRF技术观察到生物膜可快速吸附>1 μm的CdTe/CdS/ZnS核壳式量子点团聚体,而且通过CLSM（激光扫描共聚焦荧光显微镜）进行深度扫描发现,量子点团聚体吸附到生物膜表面后可以进一步扩散到生物膜深层,在25 min内可穿透45 μm的生物膜,并在生物膜中随深度呈线性分布特征.FRAP分析表明,量子点团聚体被生物膜固定后还具有较强的移动性,漂白区的荧光强度在5 min可恢复30%.量子点团聚体在生物膜中会溶解产生Cd2+、Zn2+等重金属离子,从而对生物膜产生毒性并杀死细菌.研究显示,虽然纳米颗粒进入环境中会形成微米级的团聚体,但依然可以进入生物膜,对水生微生物生态系统产生危害.TIRF、CLSM和FRAP技术是研究纳米颗粒物在生物膜表面吸附和内部扩散动力学的有效工具.      

纳米银在环境水样和实验介质中的理化性质和毒性效应

纳米银在自然环境中的理化性质可能严重影响其环境效应,本文的目的是为了比较纳米银在自然水样和实验介质条件下的理化性质和毒性效应.实验表征了粒径4 nm表面包裹物为油胺的纳米银,在不同介质条件下的粒径和团聚性,并进一步研究了不同环境介质条件下纳米银暴露对枯草芽孢杆菌的毒性效应.透射电镜照片显示油胺包裹的4 nm纳米银在环境介质中发生明显团聚.油胺包裹的4 nm纳米银暴露会抑制培养基中细菌的生长速率,降低生理盐水溶液中细菌的存活率.纳米银在实验条件下对细菌的毒性呈一定剂量效应关系,但是在环境水样中剂量效应关系不明显.低浓度纳米银在环境水样中的毒性比其在实验介质中弱.纳米银的透析袋暴露实验中,细菌的存活率有显著提升,揭示纳米银与细菌的直接相互作用对毒性效应有重要作用.与实验条件的培养基和生理盐水介质相比,环境水样中的纳米银更趋向以团聚形式存在,与细菌的相互作用几率减小,因此纳米银在环境介质中对细菌的毒性会降低.     

红球菌LSJ-6介导的金纳米颗粒的合成及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附去除

从湖南省冷水江市的土样中分离筛选到一株对重金属具有高抗性的菌株.16S rRNA基因序列分析可知,该菌株属于红球菌属(Rhodococcus),命名为Rhodococcus sp.LSJ-6.最适生长条件为30℃,pH为7,好氧.研究发现该菌株可以介导金纳米颗粒的合成,且纳米颗粒的大小随体系pH升高(pH 5~9)而减小(15~3 nm).当温度升高时(20~40℃),颗粒大小无显著性差异,但形貌的多样性减小.进一步研究了不同条件下合成的纳米颗粒对亚甲基蓝的吸附去除,发现在pH为9,30℃时合成的金纳米颗粒对亚甲基蓝的吸附去除率最高,可达96%.本研究为生物合成金纳米颗粒的环境应用奠定了基础.     

基于TOUGH2/EOS9nT模拟饱和双区介质砂柱中纳米颗粒的运移

随着纳米材料的大量生产和广泛应用,纳米颗粒不可避免地进入环境中,对地下水系统和人体健康产生潜在影响,研究纳米颗粒在地下水中的迁移规律具有重要意义.采用TOUGH2/EOS9nT模块,基于多重相互作用连续体(MINC)概念和胶体过滤理论,数值分析示踪剂KNO_3和纳米氧化石墨烯在一维非均质砂柱中的运移.研究结果表明:1MINC方法能够有效模拟双重非均质介质,非均质介质渗透系数的差异是造成出流穿透曲线双峰和拖尾特征的主要原因之一;随溶液离子强度增大,纳米氧化石墨烯在饱和非均质介质中的迁移能力下降;基于EOS9nT模块中的线性平衡过滤模型可有效模拟低离子强度下双重非均质介质中纳米颗粒运移,但即使采用动态过滤模型仍无法精确模拟高离子强度下纳米颗粒的运移;2通过双渗模型中渗透率的敏感性分析发现:随渗透率比值增大,裂隙区穿透曲线峰值提前,基质区曲线峰值推后,穿透曲线双峰现象更明显;3比较三重介质和双重介质,发现总穿透曲线受三重区域各自曲线叠加时刻影响,也表现出峰值/拖尾的增强或削弱,在合适的渗透率比值下,可能出现三个峰值和拖尾.     

三维有序介孔Co3O4非均相活化单过硫酸氢钾降解罗丹明B

以多孔硅KIT-6为模板,采用纳米浇筑法制备三维有序介孔Co_3O_4,利用比表面积测试仪(BET)、高倍投射电子显微镜(H-TEM)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等方法进行表征,并首次将其应用于催化单过硫酸盐降解罗丹明B.结果表明,三维有序介孔Co_3O_4具有丰富的空间介孔结构和巨大的比表面积,对单过硫酸盐的催化活性远强于传统纳米级Co_3O_4.较高的催化剂投加量和较高的单过硫酸盐浓度有利于罗丹明B的脱色.在反应体系中出现Cl-和H2PO-4能够加速罗丹明B的脱色,而出现NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-则会抑制罗丹明B的去除.通过自由基鉴定实验发现,硫酸自由基是导致罗丹明B脱色的主导活性自由基.三维有序介孔Co_3O_4经过多次重复使用后仍表现出良好的催化活性.