OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS DURING URBAN FLOODING1

ABSTRACT: In this paper a numerical model for flood propagation in urban areas is proposed. It has been applied to evaluate flooding hydraulic characteristics in terms of potential flood elevations, depths, and inundated areas. Furthermore, the algorithm efficiency and the consequent reduced computation time allow the use of the hydraulic model as a part of a more complex system for civil protection actions, planning, and management. During flood events, the transportation network plays a main role both in rescuing people when they are more vulnerable and in moving people and materials from and toward affected areas. The reduced efficiency of this transportation network is evaluated based on a least‐flood‐risk path‐finding algorithm. The results of a case study concerning the northern part of the city of Rome, show that the numerical model for unsteady flow in open channel networks achieves the proposed aims. It has proven to be able to describe the flood hydraulic characteristics and to be suitable for real‐time flood emergency management in urban areas.     

不同缓冲区的土地利用方式对地表水水质的影响：以海河流域天津段为例

探明土地利用方式与水质的关系对改善地表水环境具有重要意义.基于2021年天津市16个国家地表水水质监测站的月数据及土地利用数据,利用GIS空间分析和数理统计方法研究不同尺度缓冲区的土地利用方式对地表水水质的影响.结果表明：①研究区土地利用类型以建设用地、耕地和水域为主,对河流水质影响显著.除水温（WT）和pH外,耕地、建设用地和水域与各水质指标均呈负相关;林地和草地与溶解氧（DO）和总氮（TN）呈正相关,与其他水质指标均呈负相关.②水质指标在不同季节表现出明显的空间差异.pH、DO与TN浓度在旱季较高,而高锰酸盐指数、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）与总磷（TP）浓度在雨季较高.③冗余分析（RDA）结果表明,800 m缓冲区土地利用对旱季水质变化具有最大的解释能力（50.4%）,而3 000 m缓冲区土地利用可以最大程度解释雨季水质变化情况（49.6%）;从旱雨季的平均解释率来看,3 000 m缓冲区是天津市土地利用对水质指标的最佳影响尺度（50.0%）;④偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）分析可知,3 000 m缓冲区内建设用地、耕地和水域是影响地表水水质变化最显著的地类.旱季大多数水质指标PLSR模型的预测能力比雨季强.在旱季,除WT和pH外,其余水质指标均受耕地的影响最大.在雨季,建设用地对WT和NH₄⁺-N浓度的影响最大,其余水质指标的最重要影响因子仍是耕地.研究表明合理规划河流或湖库3 000 m内的土地利用方式有利于改善地表水水环境质量.     

Proposed Conservation Landscape for Giant Pandas in the Minshan Mountains,China

Abstract: The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), is one of the world's most endangered species. Habitat loss and fragmentation have reduced its numbers, shrunk its distribution, and separated the population into isolated subpopulations. Such isolated, small populations are in danger of extinction due to random demographic factors and inbreeding. We used least‐cost modeling as a systematic approach to incorporate satellite imagery and data on ecological and behavioral parameters of the giant panda collected during more than 10 years of field research to design a conservation landscape for giant pandas in the Minshan Mountains. We identified 8 core habitats and 4 potential linkages that would link core habitats CH3, CH4, and CH5 with core habitats CH6, CH7, and CH8. Establishing and integrating the identified habitats with existing reserves would create an efficient reserve network for giant panda conservation. The core habitats had an average density of 4.9 pandas/100 km² and contained approximately 76.6% of the giant panda population. About 45% of the core habitat (3245.4 km²) existed outside the current nature reserves network. Total estimated core habitat decreased between 30.4 and 44.5% with the addition of residential areas and road networks factored into the model. A conservation area for giant panda in the Minshan Mountains should aim to ensure habitat retention and connectivity, improve dispersal potential of corridors, and maintain the evolutionary potential of giant pandas in the face of future environmental changes.     

污水处理厂还原硫化物和臭气浓度的电子鼻监测技术探究

用电子鼻监测技术探究污水处理厂还原硫化物质量浓度和臭气质量浓度预测方法。结果表明,使用响应面分析法(RSM)建立还原硫化物质量浓度与电子鼻响应值关系,构建还原硫化物质量浓度预测模型,准确率可达95%。使用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立不同质量浓度还原硫化物的传感器响应值与对应臭气质量浓度之间的关系,构建臭气浓度预测模型,并用实际样品验证。     

寻求湿度系数与风速关系的数学表达式

在中央气象局编制的《湿度查算表》和GB6999-86《环境试验用相对湿度查算表》的基础上,用最小二乘法与搜索法寻求湿度系数A与风速V关系的数学表达式,提出了湿度系数A适用风速V的参照表,这对提高相对湿度的测量准确度有一定帮助。     

核电站电缆安全使用寿命评定方法

针对核电站电缆寿命评定试验的若干要素,结合该类电缆常用的两种高分子绝缘材料即交联聚乙烯和低烟无卤交联聚乙烯的特点,设计了完善其安全寿命评定试验的方案,并按相关要求进行长达5000h的试验,该方案运用数理统计中准确性较高的最小二乘法原理对试验数据进行处理,克服了以电性能加速老化手段评估电缆安全寿命时准确性较差的缺陷。最终结果验证了该类电缆能够满足其使用60年的要求,对核电站电缆的设计及安全运行具有重要的现实意义。     

中国经济增长与物质消耗关系的实证研究

本文运用广义最小平方法和处理面板数据的固定影响模型,利用我国各省市1995-2009年物质消耗指数、人均GDP和人均固定资产投资等跨部门的时间序列数据,分析经济增长与物质消耗的关系。其主要结论如下:经济增长与物质消耗呈现正向关系,没有表现出明显的去物质化。固定资产投资对物质消耗趋势在统计上具有很好的解释力。固定效应模型下的广义最小二乘法对于处理跨部门的时间序列数据有明显的效果,固定效应模型的省际差异项有效地刻画了物质消耗与经济增长相关关系的省级差异。我国目前仍处于有形资产的积累阶段,为了达到发达国家的固定资产积累水平,必要的基础设施建设不能缺少。产业结构的差异会影响物质消耗与经济增长的关系强度,第一产业相对于第二产业需要更多的物质消耗。经济发展水平同样会影响物质消耗与经济增长的关系强度,发达地区相对于欠发达地区需要的物质消耗更少。     

基于偏最小二乘的絮体图像信息与水质的相关性

针对污水处理运行过程COD、BOD5、TN和TP实时测量的问题,提出一种基于絮体形态参数的偏最小二乘法模型.采用图像分析技术对污泥絮体形态特征进行提取,基于相关性从提取的形态参数和试验期间的运行参数中选择模型的输入变量,通过偏最小二乘法建立输入变量与4个水质指标的预测关系模型.结果表明,COD、BOD5、TN、TP的交...     

金属薄板抗7.62mm普通弹枪击性能的实验研究

目的 评估覆钢板复杂结构的抗枪击性能,开展薄钢板抗枪击性能研究.方法 采用56式步枪人工发射方式,分别开展4、8 mm厚06Cr19Ni10单层钢板与8、16 mm厚30CrMoA单层钢板以及06Cr19Ni10与30CrMoA(4 mm+8 mm与8 mm+8 mm两种厚度组合)双层钢板抗7.62 mm普通弹的枪击试...