森林新近凋落叶溶出DOM的性质及其对菲增溶作用的影响

凋落叶作为森林凋落物的主要组成部分,其溶出的大量有机质也是森林土壤可溶性有机质（DOM）的主要来源之一。研究森林凋落叶溶出DOM对PAHs增溶作用的影响有利于合理预测及评价森林土壤中PAHs的环境行为和生态风险。本研究采集了南亚热带常绿阔叶人工林的4种常见树种--尾叶桉（Eucalyptus urophylla）、木荷（Schima superba）、大叶相思（Acacia auriculiformis）和湿地松（Pinus elliottii）的新近凋落叶为试验材料,研究其DOM含量、组成与性质,对比分析了不同凋落叶DOM对菲的増溶作用及其与DOM性质的相关关系。结果表明,4种凋落叶的可溶性有机碳（DOC）质量分数在C 11.61~36.25 mg·g-1之间,其中尾叶桉的含量最大,湿地松最小。尾叶桉和木荷DOM的主要组分是可溶性糖（SS）和可溶性酚（SP）,两者总C量占DOC的比例超过47%,而大叶相思和湿地松中SS和SP两者总量所占比例均低于30%。另外,4种凋落叶DOM的质量分数（以C计）与其电导率的线性关系图中有明显转折点,说明它们均具有表面活性剂的性质。凋落叶DOM在临界胶束浓度（CMC）之上对菲具有不同程度的増溶作用,其与菲的结合系数（logKDOC）的大小顺序为尾叶桉（3.05 L·kg-1）＞木荷（3.02 L·kg-1）＞大叶相思（2.79 L·kg-1）＞湿地松（2.54 L·kg-1）,这表明尾叶桉和木荷DOM的增溶作用明显高于大叶相思和湿地松DOM。经分析表明,logKDOC与各DOM在254、280 nm处的特征紫外吸光度值（SUV-A254、SUV-A280）及其SS、SP的相对含量均呈显著正相关（p＜0.01）,与A240/A420、A254/A400比值呈显著负相关（p＜0.01）,说明DOM的芳香化程度越高,分子量越大, SS与SP所占比例越高,其对菲的増溶效果越明显。     

土壤中两种手性有机氯农药的选择性降解研究

为了更深入的了解和阐释手性有机氯农药在土壤中的转化和环境归趋,采用实验室室内避光培养方法,研究了o,p＇-DDT及o,p＇-DDD 2种手性有机氯农药的外消旋体在水稻土厌氧培养体系和菜园土好氧培养体系中的选择性降解情况。为了更好的利用土壤中土著微生物的活性,我们选择了厌氧微生物比较丰富的水稻土和好氧微生物丰度比较高的菜园土来做培养实验。结果表明实验体系中o,p＇-DDT及o,p＇-DDD在水稻土和菜园土中的降解均没有明显的对映体选择性。这一结果与2种手性化合物不同对映体在自然环境中的含量普遍具有差异性有所不同,说明野外环境条件和室内模拟实验条件的差异会影响手性化合物的降解选择性。在2种体系中,o,p＇-DDT的降解速率均高于o,p＇-DDD的降解速率。这与以前的研究报道一致,DDD比DDT更难降解。通过2个体系的比较,发现DDT的降解速率在厌氧体系中高于好氧体系,而DDD的降解速率与之相反,好氧体系高于厌氧体系。这应该与DDT和DDD 2种化合物的化学结构及2种土壤中微生物群落的差异有关。对于厌氧体系中的2种水稻土,采自中山的水稻土中DDT的降解速率高于江门的水稻土,这应该与中山水稻土有机质含量高于江门的水稻土有关。有机质含量的高低直接反映了土壤中微生物的多少,进而会影响污染物的降解速率。研究发现本实验所用水稻土和菜园土总有机碳含量偏低可能是影响2种化合物的对映体无降解选择性的因素之一。此外,由于本研究采用缓冲溶液将pH 调控在中性,因此本文的土壤 pH 对降解选择性的影响仍有待进一步研究。本研究中好氧体系和厌氧体系对目标物的降解选择性无明显差异。     

喀斯特土壤微生物和活性有机碳对生态恢复的快速响应

喀斯特地区普遍面临生态退化的问题,退耕还林作为其重要的生态恢复措施之一而备受关注。土壤活性有机碳通常较总有机碳对环境变化和干扰更加敏感,此外土壤微生物对环境变化和干扰亦十分敏感。然而,关于喀斯特不同时间尺度退耕还林土壤活性有机碳和微生物的系统研究尚少见报导。为了揭示土壤活性有机碳和微生物对喀斯特生态恢复的快速指示作用,为喀斯特生态恢复评价和生态环境治理提供科学依据,以广西古周村典型喀斯特景观为代表,采用空间代替时间的方法,选取不同年限（2 a、4 a、8 a、12 a）退耕还林地和玉米耕地对照样地,研究了表层土壤微生物指标和活性有机碳指标随退耕还林的变化特征。研究结果显示,较耕地对照相比,退耕还林8 a后,土壤总有机碳（TOC）质量分数才发生显著变化,提升24%;而还林2 a后,土壤水溶性有机碳（WSOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）和易氧化有机碳（KMnO4-C）的绝对含量便分别显著提高62%、36%和38%,相对含量分别显著提升60%、34%和36%,且随还林年限的延长呈升高趋势;退耕还林2 a后,土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）、基础呼吸（BR）和微生物商（MBC︰TOC）分别显著增加56%、27%和54%,并随还林年限的延长呈逐渐升高趋势;土壤微生物代谢熵（qCO2）在退耕还林2 a后显著降低19%,之后随还林年限延长呈下降趋势。本研究表明,土壤活性有机碳及土壤微生物指标可以作为喀斯特生态恢复的早期指示者。     

大气中持久性有机污染物在气相和颗粒相中的分配特征研究进展

大气中持久性有机污染物(POPs)的气(气相)-粒(颗粒相)分配是影响POPs在大气中分布、迁移和转化的一个重要因素,研究POPs的气-粒分配特征有助于提高POPs环境归趋预测的准确性,对区域范围内的大气POPs污染防治具有重要意义.本文简要介绍了两种经典的POPs气-粒分配理论及模型,总结了有关大气中几类典型POPs在气相和颗粒相中的分配特征研究的最新进展,讨论了不同种类POPs气-粒分配的一些差异性特征和可能的影响因素,并提出了大气中新型POPs气-粒分配特征研究中亟待解决的问题.     

Effects of dissolved organic matter on the desorption of Cd in freeze–thaw treated Cd-contaminated soils

Lab-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the desorption of Cd in freeze–thaw treated Cd-contaminated soils. The results indicated that DOM significantly facilitated the desorption of Cd from freeze–thaw treated soils when comparing with that of non-frozen soils. Effects of DOM on the Cd desorption were highly dependent on the soil type and contamination concentration. The maximum desorption ratios of Cd by DOM generated from straw and sludge were 15.6% and 13.65%, respectively, in brown soils, and the maximum desorption ratios reached 14.7% and 9.3%, respectively, when using black soils through the same treatment. The higher the Cd contamination concentration in soils, the higher the ratio of Cd desorption by DOM. This was because of the integrated effects of the soil properties changed by the freeze–thaw treatment and the species transformation of Cd. The characteristics of DOM, such as its concentration and properties, had shown obvious impacts on the Cd desorption by DOM. The desorption was promoted with the increased DOM concentration and the hydrophilic fraction, and lowered pH and the low-molecular-weight of DOM.     

Source apportionment and ozone formation potential of volatile organic compounds in Lagos (Nigeria)

Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the city air in Oba Akran road, Lagos were investigated. The chlorinated VOCs and xylene in Oba Akran were high. The average benzene/toluene ratio in Oba Akran was 1.7 suggesting that vehicular emission was a possible VOC source in most areas of Oba Akran. The toluene/(m+p-xylene) ratio also suggests a common source of toluene and xylene at these sites, presumably organic solvent used by industries located at Oba Akran. Our results showed that 7.10 tons of CO ₂ equivalents of VOCs are being emitted per year from Oba Akran. Xylenes were found to be the largest contributor to the ozone formation followed by trichloroethylene. A multivariate statistical analysis (Factor analysis extracted with Principal Component Analysis) has been applied to a set of data, and it was found that the main principal components, extracted from the air VOC pollution data, were related to gasoline and oil combustion/industrial activities.     

土壤酶和微生物量碳对土壤低浓度重金属污染的响应及其影响因子研究

土壤酶和微生物量碳是反映土壤健康的重要微生物性质指标。土壤重金属污染能够对土壤微生物性质产生影响,然而土壤酶和微生物量碳对土壤重金属污染的响应受到土壤本身理化性质的影响。通过北京市建成区233个样点的数据监测和实验室模拟,研究了土壤脲酶活性和微生物量碳对土壤低浓度重金属污染的响应以及受土壤理化性质的影响。研究结果表明:在野外主要重金属污染的浓度范围内(Cd 0.003~0.98μg·g-1,Cu 13.4~207.9μg·g-1,Zn 29.4~322μg·g-1,Pb 4.02~174μg·g-1),土壤脲酶活性、微生物量碳(MBC)和有机碳(SOC)的含量与土壤中Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的浓度正相关,而微生物量碳占有机碳的比率(MBC/SOC)与重金属浓度负相关;脲酶活性、MBC/SOC与重金属浓度建立的相关关系只能解释总变异的5%~10%。实验室模拟试验表明,土壤酶活性受土壤重金属含量和土壤性质联合效应的影响;土壤有机质含量和pH是影响酶活性的主要土壤理化性质。引入土壤有机碳含量和pH两个参数,重新建立脲酶活性、MBC/SOC与土壤中重金属浓度的关系,建立的相关关系的决定系数变大,能够解释总变异的14%~17%。     

Characterization of interaction between different adsorbents and copper by simulation experiments using sediment-extracted organic matter from Taihu Lake,China

The complex capacity of different types of organic matters （OMs） for Cu was quantitatively studied by simulation experiments using different adsorbents prepared from the sediment in Taihu Lake. The free Cu was measured with ion selective electrode （ISE） and complex capacity was calculated using a conditional formation constant model. The result indicated that the complex capacity was 0.048 mmol·g-1, 0.009 and 0.005 mmol.g-1for raw sediment, sediment without DOM, sediment without insoluble organic matters but with DOM and sediment without OM. Insoluble organic matter played a major role in the sorption of Cu in sediment and it can adsorb most Cu from water column. In the solution, Cu mainly existed as a complex with DOM and the DOM-Cu complexation capacity was 327.87 mg. g-1. The change of TOC and pH indicated ion-exchange in the interaction between free Cu and DOM. When the Cu concentration in the experiment reached the complex capacity of DOM, precipitation was the major mechanism to remove Cu from water phase, which was observed from UV absorbance change of DOM, that is, its aromaticity increased while molecular weight decreased. The desorption result indi- cated that DOM was more capable of desorbing Cu from adsorbents without OM than adsorbent with OM. The desorbed quantity with DOM was 1.65, 1.78 and 2.25 times higher than that with water for adsorbents without OM, raw adsorbents （sediment） and adsorbents without DOM.     

Experimental study of the VOC emitted from crude oil tankers

Light hydrocarbons vaporize to the space between crude oil interface and roof of the storage tank during loading of crude oil tankers in marine oil terminals. When crude oil is loaded to the tank, these hydrocarbons are vented into the atmosphere which is considered as a main source of emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in oil terminals. VOCs emitted from the crude oil not only create severe air pollution problems but also a considerable amount of valuable hydrocarbons are wasted to the atmosphere. On the other hand, VOCs are flammable which create major safety hazards to the loading process. Therefore, the oil industry has largely focused on control of VOCs. In this research, an experimental study was conducted to characterize VOCs emitted from storage tanks of crude oil in a large-scale oil export terminal. Using the industrial data and simple mathematical tools, effect of different parameters on the composition of emitted gases was investigated. Furthermore, an experimental procedure is proposed to assess the potential of a crude oil absorption process for recovering emitted gases. Experimental results showed that the crude oil absorption process can be adapted to the situation of considered marine terminal for recovering this vent stream of emitted gases. This work can help plant engineers to decide on an appropriate strategy to control VOCs.     

水中天然有机物的分类特性及其卤代活性

利用XAD树脂对原水中的天然有机物进行富集分类 ,将其分为腐植酸、富里酸、亲水酸和其它亲水物质等 4种有机组分 .考察了原水中各有机组分的分布及其在加氯消毒过程中的三卤甲烷生成量、生成速度及耗氯量情况 .研究结果表明 ,原水中的主要成分是富里酸 ,占有机物总量的50.7% ,其它3种成分所占比例相对较小 ;原水具有较高的三卤甲烷生成能力 ,富里酸是生成三卤甲烷的主要有机组分 ;对各有机组分卤代活性的研究表明 ,腐植酸、富里酸和亲水酸具有较高的卤代活性 ,其它亲水物质的卤代活性较低 ;从各有机组分的三卤甲烷生成速度及与氯反应速度来看 ,腐植酸、富里酸及亲水酸具有较快的三卤甲烷生成速度 ,与氯的反应速度也较快 ,而其它亲水物质的三卤甲烷生成速度及与氯的反应速度均较低 .