Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in livestock manure and manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province,China

The aim of this study was to investigate the pollution characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil of livestock farms in Jiangsu province. This investigation employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total of 53 manure and 50 amended soil samples from 16 livestock farms in Jiangsu province were collected for analysis. In the manure samples, the highest detected frequencies and concentrations were those of tetracyclines (TCs, 54.1 ± 5775.6 μgkg^?1), followed by fluoroquinolones (FQs, 8.4 ± 435.6 μgkg^?1), sulphonamides (SAs, 3.2 ± 5.2 μgkg^?1) and macrolides (MACs, 0.4 ± 110.5 μgkg^?1). Statistical analysis was used to illuminate the pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics for various animal types and different regions in Jiangsu province. The results showed that the pollution level in cow manure was relatively lower compared with pig and chicken manure due to the relative restriction of medication. Furthermore, contamination was serious in amended soil from chicken farms. The pollution level in manure among different regions was higher to the south and north compared with the centre of the region. The same outcome was found for soil. Antibiotic residues in organic fertilizer were also investigated in this study. We found that although the detected concentration was lower in organic fertilizer than in fresh manure, detection frequencies (10–90%) were high, especially for roxithromycin (90%) in MACs (30–90%). This finding suggests attention should be paid to the pollution levels in organic fertilizer. This study is the first extensive investigation of the occurrence and distribution of many kinds of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil from livestock farms of Jiangsu province. This investigation systematically assesses veterinary antibiotics usage and related emissions in southeast China.     

燃煤锅炉湿式脱硫除尘一体化设备的综合分析

本文对湿式脱硫除尘一体化设备的结构和性能进行了较为全面的分析,指出了该设备存在的诸多弊病,提出了解决方案--脱硫、除尘分体组合式的思路.     

Blowing Smoke in Yellowstone: Air Quality Impacts of Oversnow Motorized Recreation in the Park

Snowmobile use in Yellowstone National Park has been shown to impact air quality, with implications for the safety and welfare of Park staff and other Park resource values. Localized impacts have been documented at several high-use sites in the Park, but the broader spatial variability of snowmobile emissions and air quality was not understood. Measurements of 87 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were made for ambient air sampled across the Park and West Yellowstone, Montana, during 2 days of the 2002–2003 winter use season, 1 year before the implementation of a new snowmobile policy. The data were compared with similar data from pristine West Coast sites at similar latitudes. Backward trajectories of local air masses, alkyl nitrate-parent alkane ratios, and atmospheric soundings were used to identify the VOC sources and assess their impact. Different oversnow vehicle types used in the Park were sampled to determine their relative influence on air mass pollutant composition. VOCs were of local origin and demonstrated strong spatiotemporal variability that is primarily influenced by levels of snowmobile traffic on given road segments at different times of day. High levels of snowmobile traffic in and around West Yellowstone produced consistently high levels of benzene, toluene, and carbon monoxide.     

Characterization of Organic Compounds in Compost-Amended Soil

Samples of compost-amended soil from waste dumping sites in Lagos Metropolis were extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 20 cm³) and the extract was evaporated at 35 °>C. The residue was extracted with 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and portions of the solution were applied to a column containing silica gel from which aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were eluted with n-hexane and toluene respectively. Analysis of the n-hexane fraction using gas chromatography showed the presence of a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons, ranging from C₉ to C₂₅, while ultraviolet analysis of the toluene fraction suggested 1,2-benzanthracene; 2,3-benzphenanthrene, chrysene and pyrene as polyaromatic compounds present in samples analyzed. The crude extracts were highly coloured and viscous. Total extractable organic residues in the 2,2,4-trimethylpentane extracts ranged from 36 to 89 mg g^-1 of soil.     

Sorption of polar and nonpolar aromatic compounds to four surface soils of eastern China

Improved predictions on the fate of organic pollutants in surface environments require a better understanding of the underlying sorption mechanisms that control their uptake by soils. In this study, we monitored sorption of nine aromatic compounds with varying physicochemical properties (hydrophobicity, electron-donor/acceptor ability and polarity), including two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, two chlorobenzenes, two nitroaromatic compounds, dichlobenil, carbaryl and 2,4-dichlorophenol in aqueous suspension of four surface soils of eastern China. The tested soils were characterized with respect to organic carbon (OC) content, black carbon content, mineralogy, morphology and size fraction to assess the role of the diverse soil characteristics in sorption. The results of this study show that not only the solute hydrophobicity and the OC content of soil are important to the retention of organic pollutants, but also the solute molecular structure and the soil nature.     

基于机器学习分类算法解析EIS数据的有机涂层性能评价方法

目的 基于机器学习分类算法快速评估有机涂层的防腐性能。方法 通过实验室加速试验模拟涂层真实的退化过程,并根据测得的电化学数据,分析不同退化阶段的等效电路元件参数。随后,采用随机抽样方法获取大量数据,用于机器学习模型训练。通过对比支持向量机(SVM)、k最近邻(k-NN)和随机森林(RF)3种不同的机器学习算法,以及多种输入特征集训练的涂层性能分类器模型的准确率,分析最适合用于涂层性能快速评估的机器学习算法和电化学特征。结果 根据不同输入特征训练的k-NN和RF模型均表现出良好的预测效果,而SVM模型的预测效果相对较差。根据不同频率范围训练的分类器模型中,在低频区表现最佳,而在高频区表现较差。结论 基于阻抗虚部、虚部+实部和阻抗模值3种输入特征训练的RF分类器模型的预测效果最准确。不同频率区间内,低频区的阻抗特征更能准确表征涂层性能。     

环境中VOCs的污染现状及处理技术研究进展

综述了近十年来大气环境中挥发性有机物(VOcs)的污染现状及其主要处理技术的研究进展.介绍了目前大气环境中VOCs的主要处理技术(包括吸附、冷凝及膜分离等回收技术和燃烧、等离子体、光催化降解和生物降解等销毁技术)的适用条件、经济性、可操作性和净化效率.提出要对VOCs的吸收和生物降解的反应动力学模型、催化机制、材料的性能及微生物活性进行深入研究的建议.     

生态系统结构对太湖有机聚集体理化性质的影响

2007年1~12月对太湖4个不同生态类型湖区水体中有机聚集体(organic aggregates,OA)的丰度、有机质含量和营养盐(N、P)含量及其它水环境因子进行了同步监测.结果表明,①OA是太湖水体中营养盐的一个重要来源,其N、P含量分别占水体中TN、TP的16.5%及43.3%;②水体中OA的丰度与水体的富营养化程度密切相关,随着水体富营养化水平的提高和浮游植物生物量的增加,OA丰度及其中有机质的含量也呈现逐渐上升的趋势;③风浪扰动对太湖水体中OA的理化性质影响较大.OA作为营养盐的一个重要载体,可能是浅水湖泊营养盐循环中的一个关键点.     

水溶性有机质对土壤及底泥中汞吸附行为的影响

以重庆市2种耕作土(黄壤和中性紫色土)及鱼塘底泥为试验材料,分别添加提取自腐殖土的DOM(DOMh),提取自稻草的DOM(DOM)和提取自污泥堆肥的DOM(DOMa),研究DOM对土壤及底泥中Hg的吸附行为的影响.结果表明.DOM对土壤及底泥中汞的吸附行为均有一定的抑制作用,这种抑制作用与DOM种类和试验材料的性质有关.添加不同来源的DOM,对Hg的抑制作用具体表现为:DOMh>DOMr>DOMa;添加同一种DOM时,对Hg吸附的抑制作用表现为鱼塘底泥>紫色土>黄壤.     

Partitioning of water soluble organic carbon in three sediment size fractions： Effect of the humic substances

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in sediments plays an important role in transference and transformation of aquatic pollutants. This article investigated the inherent mechanisms of how sediemnt grain size affect the partitioning coeffcient (k) of WSOC. Influences of NaOH extracted humic substances were particularly focused on. Sediments were sampled from two cross-sections of the middle Yellow River and sieved into three size fractions (< 63 μm, 63-100 μm, and 100--300 μm). The total concentration of WSOC in sediments (CWSOC) and k were estimated using multiple water-sediment ratio experiments. Results show that CWSOC ranges from 0.012 to 0.022 mg/g, while k ranges from 0.8 to 3.9 L/kg. Correlations between the spectrum characteristics of NaOH extracted humic substances and k were analyzed. Strong positive correlations are determined between k and the aromaticity indicators of NaOH extracted humic substances in different sediment size fractions. Comparing with finer fractions (< 63 μm), k is higher in larger size fractions (63--100 and 100--300 μm) related to higher aromaticity degree of NaOH extracted humic substances mostly. While negative relationship between k and the area ratio of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) at 3400 and 1430 cm-1 implied that the lowest k was related to the highest concentration of the acidic humic groups in particles < 63 μm. WSOC in finer fractions (< 63 μm) is likely to enter into pore water, which may further accelerate the transportation of aquatic contaminants from sediment to water.