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841.
为了解南京市溧水区大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组分、来源及其对臭氧的贡献,2021年对区域内VOCs开展了为期1 a的走航监测,进行数据分析.结果表明,溧水区ρ(TVOC)年均值为223.45μg·m-3,其中ρ(烷烃)为49.45μg·m-3(占比22.13%),ρ[含氧(氮)VOCs]为50.63μg·m-3(占比22.66%),ρ(卤代烃)为64.73μg·m-3(占比28.95%),ρ(芳香烃)为35.46μg·m-3(占比15.87%),ρ(烯烃)为18.26μg·m-3(占比8.19%),其他为4.9μg·m-3(占比2.2%).夏季的ρ(TVOC)平均值较高,为263.75μg·m-3,冬季较低,为187.2μg·m-3,春季为246.11μg·m-3,秋季为204.77μg·m-3.日均TVOC浓度,在09:00~10:00和14... 相似文献
842.
改良剂调控下水稻镉累积和土壤溶解性有机质光谱特征的响应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)的化学组成和特征差异对理解改良剂对Cd的稳定机制具有重要意义.土壤改良剂被广泛应用于受污染农田以缓解重金属在农作物中的累积,但改良剂调控下土壤DOM的光谱特征却鲜见报道.采集南方典型Cd污染水稻土为研究对象,通过投加三大类改良剂(有机类、无机类和石灰类,共11种)进行水稻种植盆栽试验,研究了不同改良剂对土壤DOM的影响.利用紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光光谱和平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)对比分析了不同改良剂调控下根际土壤DOM的光谱特征.结果表明,石灰类改良剂提高土壤pH,促进土壤固相中有机质的溶解,从而显著提高了土壤DOM的质量分数.与对照相比,有机类改良剂提高了土壤DOM的相对分子量和新生自生源贡献率,无机类改良剂提高了土壤DOM的芳香性和疏水性组分,石灰类改良剂提高了土壤DOM的显色组分和腐殖化程度.通过PARAFAC分析和OpenFluor数据库验证,解析出了4个荧光组分C1(255/465)、 C2(325/400)、 C3(275/390)和C4(240/460),均为类腐殖质.两种光谱相互印证,表明土壤DOM来源以陆源输入的类腐殖质为主.相关... 相似文献
843.
采用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)和三维荧光光谱结合平行因子法(EEMs-PARAFAC)研究两条面源输入强度不同的城市河流春夏两季水体中溶解性有机质(DOM)含量和组成变化.结果表明,两条河流夏季水体DOM腐殖化程度和相对分子质量均显著高于春季(P<0.01). PARAFAC模型共解析出C1(UVC类富里酸)、 C2(类色氨酸)、 C3(类胡敏酸)和C4(UVA类富里酸)这4个化学组分,C1[(31±6)%]和C2[(31±4)%]为水体DOM中主要荧光组分.高面源输入水平的河流春季各组分荧光强度均低于夏季,而低面源输入水平的河流与之相反.随机森林回归模型表明,C3%对河流水质变化敏感度最高(R2=0.75,P<0.001),具有很好的指示作用;水面覆盖率(Cover)对C4%有显著预测重要性(P<0.001), C4%易受光化学氧化作用影响.主成分分析(PCA)和Adonis检验表明,氮和磷为水体自生源过程的重要推动力,面源输入强度和季节变化对城市河流水体状况有显著影响(R2=0.775,P<0.001).城... 相似文献
844.
土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳含量的影响 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
探究不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体的粒径分布、稳定性及有机碳在各粒径团聚体中的分布规律,以期为重庆地区土壤结构的改善及土壤有机碳库的维持及提高提供依据.以重庆市北碚区6种土地利用方式(针阔叶混交林、竹林、果园、旱地、水田和荒草地)为研究对象,采用湿筛法对土壤进行粒径分组,对比分析了6种土地利用方式处理下土壤团聚体和团聚体有机碳在0~20、20~40、40~60和60~100 cm土壤剖面中的分布规律.结果表明,不同土地利用方式下,土壤的结构和肥力水平存在显著的差异.在0~100 cm土层土壤的各粒径团聚体中,6种土地利用方式的团聚体粒径均以 0. 25 mm为主;其中,竹林 0. 25 mm团聚体含量最高,其次是荒草地,旱地与果园含量最低.不同土地利用方式下0. 25~2 mm的粒径团聚体主要分布在0~20 cm土层(28. 78%~50. 08%),而0. 053~0. 25 mm和0. 053 mm的粒径团聚体主要集中在40~60cm土层.在整个土壤深度内,竹林和荒草地的土壤团聚体MWD和GMD均高于其他土地利用方式,即二者的土壤团聚体稳定性较强.土壤团聚体稳定性与土壤团聚体有机碳呈极显著正相关(r=0. 569,P 0. 01),在0~100 cm土层中,土壤0. 25~2 mm和0. 053 mm粒径的有机碳含量较高,其中0. 25~2 mm的最高,平均含量为56. 54 g·kg~(-1).除旱地土壤各粒径团聚体有机碳含量在20~40 cm土层内最高,其他土地利用方式下土壤各粒径团聚体内有机碳含量均随土壤深度的增加而降低,表现出显著的表层富集现象.总体上,6种土地利用方式下,竹林和荒草地在各土层中的土壤团聚体稳定性较好,且在各土层中,竹林土壤各粒径团聚体有机碳含量最高. 相似文献
845.
Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gent Malcolm Richard Menendez MarioToraño Javier Torno Susana 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2011,55(4):472-482
Material recovery processes are presented as the optimum option for recycling plastic wastes as a means of recovering hydrocarbon resources. There exist a large variety of automated material recovery processes for recycling of such wastes but each with significant limitations. Of these, the separation based on differences in densities is advocated as the optimum process either for producing recycled products or preparing wastes for subsequent recovery processing.Density separation processes based on cyclone type density media separation (DMS) is presented as an important, potential method for increasing plastics recycling process capacities. It is demonstrated to have the capacity to separate a significantly larger range of particle sizes than those presently processed industrially. The mathematical relationship for the prediction of quality of typical LARCODEMS type density media separations by particle size and density as expressed by the Ecart Probable is presented.A proposed device configuration is presented for density media separation to optimize the recovery and purity of both density fractions produced. It is also suggested that to be economically viable, a large scale of operation is required for industrial plastics recycling operations recovering and producing a number of different plastics with a purity to be used as a substitute for virgin material. 相似文献
846.
Household organic waste composting using bins with different types of passive aeration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The objective of this study was to study the performances of six 200-L polyethylene bins, each with different design for passive aeration to organic wastes composting. Food scraps and dry leaves (1.6 kg) were added to each bin once a day until the bin was full. Temperatures at the middle portion were measured daily. The compost from each bin was taken once a week for 120 days for analysis of C, N, volatile solids, and a germination index once a week for 120 days. After 120 days, the compost sample from each bin was taken to determine the mass reduction, size distribution, CEC, N, P and K values. The results showed that the temperatures inside the bins were in the ranges of 24 °C-57 °C. The composts in all bins were found to be stable at around 56-91 days. The wastes decayed fastest in bins with lateral and vertical systems of natural ventilation. It took about two months to stabilize the organic wastes, with a 59-62% decrease of mass. The C/N ratio, CEC, N, P, and K values of the final composts were 14.8-16.0, 66-68 cmol/kg, and 1.26-1.50% N, 0.52-0.56% P2O5 and 1.66-1.92% K2O, respectively. 相似文献
847.
848.
The effects of forest harvest intensity in combination with wind disturbance on carbon dynamics in Lake States Mesic Forests 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Robert M. Scheller Dong HuaPaul V. Bolstad Richard A. BirdseyDavid J. Mladenoff 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(1):144-153
Total forest carbon (C) storage is determined by succession, disturbances, climate, and the edaphic properties of a site or region. Forest harvesting substantially affects C dynamics; these effects may be amplified if forest harvesting is intensified to provide biofuel feedstock. We tested the effects of harvest intensity on landscape C using a simulation modeling approach that included C dynamics, multiple disturbances, and successional changes in composition. We developed a new extension for the LANDIS-II forest landscape disturbance and succession model that incorporates belowground soil C dynamics derived from the CENTURY soil model. The extension was parameterized and calibrated using data from an experimental forest in northeastern Wisconsin, USA. We simulated a 9800 ha forested landscape over 400 years with wind disturbance combined with no harvesting, harvesting with residual slash left on site (‘standard harvest’), and whole-tree harvesting. We also simulated landscapes without wind disturbance and without eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) to examine the effects of detrital quantity and quality on C dynamics. We estimated changes in live C, detrital C, soil organic C, total C, and forest composition. Overall, the simulations without harvesting had substantially greater total C and continued to sequester C. Standard harvest simulations had more C than the whole tree harvest simulations. Under both harvest regimes, C accrual was not evident after 150 years. Without hemlock, SOC was reduced due to a decline in detritus and a shift in detrital chemistry. In conclusion, if the intensity of harvesting increases we can expect a corresponding reduction in potential C storage. Compositional changes due to historic circumstances (loss of hemlock) may also affect forest C although to a lesser degree than harvesting. The modeling approach presented enabled us to consider multiple, interacting drivers of landscape change and the subsequent changes in forest C. 相似文献
849.
Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Armen R. Kemanian Stefan Julich Valipuram S. ManoranjanJeffrey R. Arnold 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(12):1913-1921
In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (SC) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of SC and input rate to SC (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of SC. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (Sx) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that Sx is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the SC dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate SC in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils. 相似文献
850.
Cathy Neill 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(15):2751-2760