生长调节物质对益母草总生物碱积累的调控

本文对益母草进行了没生长调节物质的田间喷施处理,追踪生长调节物质对益母草总生物碱积累的影响效应。     

BDAB键合硅胶富集测定水体中痕量汞(Ⅱ)的研究

分别用静态法和动态法研究了苯重氮氨基偶氮苯键合硅胶吸附水体中痕量汞的条件,提出了一种富集和测定痕量汞的分析方法,结果表明,在ＰＨ４．０的条件下可现场富集环境水体中的妆胆汞,水体中其它元素不被吸附,ＢＤＡＢ－ＳＧ的最大吸附量为９６μｍｏｌ．ｇ＾－１,     

有机污染物在水体表面微层的富集行为

研究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（ＤＢＰ）,邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（ＤＥＨＰ）和阴离子表面活性剂在水体表面微层的富集行为．现场分析结果表明邻苯二甲酸酯在小型封闭湖泊表面微层中存在富集现象,富集倍数在１～１１之间,湖水的理化性质及采样方式均影响富集倍数的大小．室内微宇宙研究表明ＤＢＰ和ＤＥＨＰ在微宇宙水体表面微层中均存在富集现象,富集倍数分别为２．８１和１．９８,藻类、颗粒物和腐殖酸也同时在微宇宙水体表面微层中富集．当水体中加入表面活性物质和腐殖酸时,邻苯二甲酸酯（ＤＢＰ、ＤＥＨＰ）在表面微层的富集倍数随加入的２种物质浓度的增大而降低．对阴离子表面活性剂的富集动力学研究表明,当表面微层遭到破坏后,其在表面微层达富集平衡需较长时间,水体浓度也影响富集倍数     

反硝化条件下微生物降解地下水中的苯和甲苯

利用实验室含水层物质微环境实验,对地下水中常见有机污染物苯和甲苯在厌氧反硝化条件下的微生物降解进行了研究．通过10种方案实验结果的分析对比表明,在强化反硝化条件下,微生物利用NO₃^-作为电子受体降解苯和甲苯;降解苯和甲苯的反硝化细菌来自于含水层物质;微生物所需要的宏量营养由苯、甲苯和硝酸盐提供,而微生物所需要的其他痕量元素来自于含水层物质;环境的酸碱条件对微生物降解具有重要影响pH值过高（pH＞10）或过低（pH＜4）均抑制微生物降解过程的进行这些结论对研究地下水有机污染及其生物治理具有一定的理论和实际指导意义     

红壤区耕地有机物质的利用现状与开发策略

应用大量的调查和试验数据,论述了红壤区耕地有机物质资源的种类、数量及分布状况;分析了目前有机物质利用的现状及存在问题;探讨了开发有机肥料资源的对策。     

Main particulate matter components in Saxony (Germany)

Aerosol filter samples have been collected nearby the industrialised basin of Leipzig in Saxony (Germany) at the research station Melpitz of the Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (IfT). Time series (1992–1998) and a three year comparison (1995–1997) of two different aerosol filter sampling systems, the Sierra-Andersen-PM 10 high volume sampler (daily sample, PM 10 inlet) and the Rupprecht and Patashnik Co. Inc. Model Partisol 2000 (weekly sample, PM 10 and PM 2.5 inlet) are presented and discussed. The comparison of the different sampling systems and strategies yields small differences between the daily and weekly samples for mass and different ions, which may be influenced by sampling duration and flow rates. A general trend of change in aerosol composition was observed: Soot and Sulphate concentrations decreased whereas Nitrate and Ammonium concentrations increased. During summers the mass of coarse particles is higher than in other seasons. One reason could be found in the occurence of longer periods of dry ground surfaces enabling reemission of crustal and biological material. The time series have been integrated in a longer historical aerosol mass trend for Saxony and do show a good agreement. Since 1990 a significant downward trend in gravimetric mass concentration was found.     

A review of biomarker compounds as source indicators and tracers for air pollution

An overview of the application of organic geochemistry to the analysis of organic matter on aerosol particles is presented here. This organic matter is analyzed as solvent extractable bitumen/ lipids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The organic geochemical approach assesses the origin, the environmental history and the nature of secondary products of organic matter by using the data derived from specific molecular analyses. Evaluations of production and fluxes, with cross-correlations can thus be made by the application of the same separation and analytical procedures to samples from point source emissions and the ambient atmosphere. This will be illustrated here with typical examples from the ambient atmosphere (aerosol particles) and from emissions of biomass burning (smoke). Organic matter in aerosols is derived from two major sources and is admixed depending on the geographic relief of the air shed. These sources are biogenic detritus (e.g., plant wax, microbes, etc.) and anthropogenic particle emissions (e.g., oils, soot, synthetics, etc.). Both biogenic detritus and some of the anthropogenic particle emissions contain organic materials which have unique and distinguishable compound distribution patterns (C₁₄-C₄₀). Microbial and vascular plant lipids are the dominant biogenic residues and petroleum hydrocarbons, with lesser amounts of the pyrogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and synthetics (e.g., chlorinated compounds), are the major anthropogenic residues. Biomass combustion is another important primary source of particles injected into the global atmosphere. It contributes many trace substances which are reactants in atmospheric chemistry and soot paniculate matter with adsorbed biomarker compounds, most of which are unknown chemical structures. The injection of natural product organic compounds into smoke occurs primarily by direct volatilization/steam stripping and by thermal alteration based on combustion temperature. Although the molecular composition of organic matter in smoke particles is highly variable, the molecular tracers are generally still source specific. Retene has been utilized as a tracer for conifer smoke in urban aerosols, but is not always detectable. Dehydroabietic acid is generally more concentrated in the atmosphere from the same emission sources. Degradation products from biopolymers (e.g., levoglucosan from cellulose) are also excellent tracers. An overview of the biomarker compositions of biomass smoke types is presented here. Defining additional tracers of thermally-altered and directly-emitted natural products in smoke aids the assessment of the organic matter type and input from biomass combustion to aerosols. The precursor to product approach of compound characterization by organic geochemistry can be applied successfully to provide tracers for studying the chemistry and dispersion of ambient aerosols and smoke plumes. Presented at the 6th FECS Conference on Chemistry and the Environment, Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution, August 26–28, 1998, Copenhagen.     

Organic residue decomposition: The minicontainer-system a multifunctional tool in decomposition studies

The Minicontainer-test, first described by Eisenbeis (1993), was designed to study the kinetics of organic residue decomposition at a microsite level. It is derived from the litterbag technique and consists of polyethylene minicontainers (volume about 1.5 cm³) filled with a test substrate (litter, straw, cellulose, etc.). The minicontainers (MCs) are closed at either end with plastic gauze discs of variable mesh size (e.g. 20 μm, 250 μm, 500 μm or 2 mm). A definite number of such units are inserted into PVC-bars, which can be implanted into the soil horizontally or vertically, or be exposed on the soil surface horizontally. The bars are very stable and can be exposed in different environments for months to years. If required, the bars can be removed temporarily and stored, e.g. during soil cultivation. Should fresh litter be used, two phases of decomposition can be distinguished: a fast initial phase, which can be mainly related to the effect of leaching, and a second slow phase depending mainly on the activity of soil organisms and litter quality. Several questions can be addressed to investigations using MCs, e.g. 1) parts of the soil fauna which are involved in decomposition (nematodes, microarthropods, and smaller specimens of the macrofauna, e.g. enchytraeidae, diplopods and dipteran larvae) can be extracted from the litter substrate using a miniscale high gradient extractor, 2) the organic mass loss of litter can be determined, 3) microbial biomass (C_mic, N_mic) can be assessed by fumigation extraction and 4) microbial activity (respiration) in the test substrate can also be assessed by use of standardised methods. Compared to litterbag studies, the larger number of small replicate units improves the statistical evaluation. Until today the Minicontainer-test has been applied in forestry and agriculture, e.g. studying the effects of liming, soil restoration and the application of insecticides, e.g. Diflubenzuron (Dimilin) and Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki).     

混合堆肥过程中挥发性固体含量的层次效应及动态变化

城市污泥与猪粪混合堆肥表明:升温期和高温期堆体上部有机物降解的差异较大,降温期堆体下部各层有机物降解的差异较大,且堆体内挥发性固体(VS)含量已形成明显的层次效应,腐熟期堆体中部有机物降解的差异较大,堆体内VS含量的层次效应仍很明显;不同堆肥期堆体内VS含量的差异由大到小分别为:降温期≥腐熟期>高温期>升温期,不同部位有机物降解程度由大到小为:上部>中部>下部;VS含量随时间的变化满足一级反应动力学方程,城市污泥和猪粪混合堆肥过程中VS的降解速率约为0.3kg·d^-1,VS含量降低了8.2%.     

渗滤液中有机化合物在电化学氧化和厌氧生物组合系统中的降解

根据GC-MS分析,垃圾渗滤液中有机组分大多是难生物降解的有机化合物,如酚类、杂环类、杂环芳烃、多环芳烃类化合物,约占渗滤液中有机组分的70%以上. 本文对渗滤液中典型有机化合物在电化学氧化和厌氧生物组合工艺系统中的降解特性进行了系统研究. 结果表明,在电化学处理系统中,杂酚类、酰胺类、苯并噻唑、苯醌、喹啉、萘等有机化合物降解速率高于外-2-羟基桉树脑和异喹啉等化合物,但前者在厌氧生物处理系统中去除率低;渗滤液原水经过电化学氧化处理后,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量从原水中的0.68%增加到电化学出水中的16.18%;此组合工艺能够显著降低因渗滤液复杂组分间的增效协同作用和拮抗作用而引起的毒性,系统出水可生化性增强,为进一步研究垃圾渗滤液的处理技术和进行该组合处理系统的大规模开发提供参考.