Household organic waste composting using bins with different types of passive aeration

The objective of this study was to study the performances of six 200-L polyethylene bins, each with different design for passive aeration to organic wastes composting. Food scraps and dry leaves (1.6 kg) were added to each bin once a day until the bin was full. Temperatures at the middle portion were measured daily. The compost from each bin was taken once a week for 120 days for analysis of C, N, volatile solids, and a germination index once a week for 120 days. After 120 days, the compost sample from each bin was taken to determine the mass reduction, size distribution, CEC, N, P and K values. The results showed that the temperatures inside the bins were in the ranges of 24 °C-57 °C. The composts in all bins were found to be stable at around 56-91 days. The wastes decayed fastest in bins with lateral and vertical systems of natural ventilation. It took about two months to stabilize the organic wastes, with a 59-62% decrease of mass. The C/N ratio, CEC, N, P, and K values of the final composts were 14.8-16.0, 66-68 cmol/kg, and 1.26-1.50% N, 0.52-0.56% P₂O₅ and 1.66-1.92% K₂O, respectively.     

沼液利用途径分析

沼液是畜禽粪便厌氧发酵后的残留液,其中包含的矿物质丰富,如对其进行合理利用,将给人类带来一定的经济价值;如不妥善处置,沼液的随意排放将引起湖泊、河流富营养化等环境污染问题.我国沼液的主要利用方式包括直接归田、沼液浸种、叶面肥、饲料添加剂等,其中直接归田是当前沼液最主要的利用方式,但沼液直接归田也存在很大的环境风险.因此,开发低成本、高效益的沼液安全利用途径是我国今后研究的重要方向.     

The effects of forest harvest intensity in combination with wind disturbance on carbon dynamics in Lake States Mesic Forests

Total forest carbon (C) storage is determined by succession, disturbances, climate, and the edaphic properties of a site or region. Forest harvesting substantially affects C dynamics; these effects may be amplified if forest harvesting is intensified to provide biofuel feedstock. We tested the effects of harvest intensity on landscape C using a simulation modeling approach that included C dynamics, multiple disturbances, and successional changes in composition. We developed a new extension for the LANDIS-II forest landscape disturbance and succession model that incorporates belowground soil C dynamics derived from the CENTURY soil model. The extension was parameterized and calibrated using data from an experimental forest in northeastern Wisconsin, USA. We simulated a 9800 ha forested landscape over 400 years with wind disturbance combined with no harvesting, harvesting with residual slash left on site (‘standard harvest’), and whole-tree harvesting. We also simulated landscapes without wind disturbance and without eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) to examine the effects of detrital quantity and quality on C dynamics. We estimated changes in live C, detrital C, soil organic C, total C, and forest composition. Overall, the simulations without harvesting had substantially greater total C and continued to sequester C. Standard harvest simulations had more C than the whole tree harvest simulations. Under both harvest regimes, C accrual was not evident after 150 years. Without hemlock, SOC was reduced due to a decline in detritus and a shift in detrital chemistry. In conclusion, if the intensity of harvesting increases we can expect a corresponding reduction in potential C storage. Compositional changes due to historic circumstances (loss of hemlock) may also affect forest C although to a lesser degree than harvesting. The modeling approach presented enabled us to consider multiple, interacting drivers of landscape change and the subsequent changes in forest C.     

Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.     

堆肥过程中有机质和微生物群落的动态变化

利用3个容积约为50 L的平行生物反应装置研究堆肥过程中温度、湿度（水分含量）、pH值和有机质的动态变化情况。按照Van Soest方法根据有机质不同的溶解特性将其分为：溶于沸水的有机质H2O、溶于中性试剂的有机质SOLU、半纤维素（HEMI）、纤维素（CELL）和木质素（LIGN）。结果表明：反应装置内环境湿度调控在60%左右时,堆肥系统内借助生化反应,温度最高可达到约50℃。堆肥材料在反应初期呈现偏酸性（pH=6.5）,而随着反应的发生,pH逐渐变为中性或弱碱性（pH=7.4）。经过20 d的堆肥实验,有机质总量降解了约47%。在微生物作用下的各类有机质的降解率不同,按大小排序为H2O〉HEMI〉CELL〉SOLU〉LIGN,其降解率分别是85%、56%、36%、32%和27%。为了深入理解堆肥过程中有机质的降解机制,文章采用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）技术对体系中的微生物群落变化进行了初步分析,发现微生物优势群落随反应温度的改变发生明显变化,在堆肥初期和堆肥中期,细菌占优势,而堆肥末期时真菌比例较高。在堆肥的过程中,革兰氏阴性菌的比例呈下降趋势,而革兰氏阳性菌的比例呈上升趋势。     

施用农药人员的安全与防护——ASTMF2669《旋用农药人员用防护服性能标准》介绍

本文主要介绍了ASTMF2669-2009《施用农药人员用防护服性能标准》的分级和检测要求、防护服材料性能要求、材料的抗渗透性指标等,并就施药人员的安全与防护以及完善防护服标准体系提出建议．以为我国广大相关领域人员了解标准和应用标准提供帮助．     

基于化学损耗矫正的青岛胶州市环境VOCs来源解析

臭氧已成为影响我国环境空气质量的重要污染物之一,准确解析环境臭氧及其前体物VOCs的关键源类及其贡献对于有效防控臭氧污染具有重要作用.因此,利用光化学年龄参数方法估算了青岛胶州市2021年1月1日至2月28日在线VOCs监测数据的初始浓度,矫正环境VOCs物种的光化学损耗;并利用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)模型进行了环境VOCs及其OFP来源解析研究,以期为青岛市环境臭氧污染的防控提供数据支撑.结果表明,研究期间青岛市环境ρ(TVOCs)和OFP的平均值分别为65.9μg·m^-3和176.7μg·m^-3;其中丙烷浓度(12.4μg·m^-3)和占比(18.9%)最高,而间/对-二甲苯的OFP(24.6μg·m^-3)及占比(13.9%)最高.研究期间TVOCs的初始浓度为153.1μg·m^-3,其光化学损耗率达到63.8%.烯烃是光化学损耗率(92.1%)最高的VOCs物种,其中异戊二烯的光化学损耗率达到98.6%,明显高于其它VOCs物种.基于初始浓度的来源...     

VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets based on response surface model: A case study in the Pearl River Delta Region, China

Because of the recent growth in ground-level ozone and increased emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), VOC emission control has become a major concern in China. In response, emission caps to control VOC have been stipulated in recent policies, but few of them were constrained by the co-control target of PM_2.5 and ozone, and discussed the factor that influence the emission cap formulation. Herein, we proposed a framework for quantification of VOC emission caps constrained by targets for PM_2.5 and ozone via a new response surface modeling (RSM) technique, achieving 50% computational cost savings of the quantification. In the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, the VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets varied greatly with the NO_x emission reduction level. If control measures in the surrounding areas of the PRD region were not considered, there could be two feasible strategies for VOC emission caps to meet air quality targets (160 µg/m³ for the maximum 8-hr-average 90th-percentile (MDA8-90%) ozone and 25 µg/m³ for the annual average of PM_2.5): a moderate VOC emission cap with <20% NOx emission reductions or a notable VOC emission cap with >60% NO_x emission reductions. If the ozone concentration target were reduced to 155 µg/m³, deep NO_x emission reductions is the only feasible ozone control measure in PRD. Optimization of seasonal VOC emission caps based on the Monte Carlo simulation could allow us to gain higher ozone benefits or greater VOC emission reductions. If VOC emissions were further reduced in autumn, MDA8-90% ozone could be lowered by 0.3-1.5 µg/m³, equaling the ozone benefits of 10% VOC emission reduction measures. The method for VOC emission cap quantification and optimization proposed in this study could provide scientific guidance for coordinated control of regional PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution in China.     

水蚀环境植被恢复对土壤有机碳固存和团聚体稳定的影响：Meta分析

为明确水蚀环境不同条件下植被恢复策略对土壤固碳和团聚体稳定性的影响差异,通过搜集91篇论文的实验数据,以农田(或裸地)为对照,基于Meta分析评估土壤有机碳(SOC)储量和团聚体稳定性对水蚀环境退耕还林/还草措施的响应.结果表明：(1)退耕还林/还草均有利于提高SOC储量,改善土壤团聚体稳定性,但两者的优势功能存在差异,还林的固碳效应强于还草,而还草对增强团聚体稳定性的作用更强.(2)多因素Meta分析表明显著影响SOC的因素有：恢复年份、土壤黏粒含量、植被覆盖度、年平均降雨(MAP)、年平均气温(MAT)和土壤深度.其中植被恢复对SOC储量的正向效应随着植被覆盖率增加而提高;草地恢复在土壤黏粒含量为20%～32%下对SOC储量的提高效应更显著,在MAP>800 mm或MAT<15℃条件下更易促进草地固碳效应,不同恢复年限下的草地固碳效应无显著变化;而林地恢复在土壤黏粒含量>32%下对SOC储量的提高效应更显著,气候条件对林地SOC储量无限制性影响,林地恢复下的SOC储量与恢复年限间存在正向效应.(3)植被恢复在黏粒含量为20%～32%时对平均重量直径(MWD)和平均...