室内环境中微生物与挥发性有机化合物相关性的初步探讨

采集室内环境空气中菌落,经培养后分别将微球菌属、葡萄球菌属、芽孢杆菌属、曲霉属、青霉属的纯培养物转接到培养皿上,然后放入环境测试舱密闭环境中进行放大培养。分析菌落放大培养前后环境测试舱内空气中VOCs组成及其含量水平。结果表明,检测的100种挥发性有机化合物中有42种化合物在扩大培养后浓度升高,而30种化合物的浓度下降。微生物在生长代谢过程中既能分解空气中的一些毒害性有机污染物,也能产生一些毒害性有机污染物。     

超滤、三维荧光光谱与高效体积排阻色谱联合表征地表水环境中溶解有机质的性质

超滤、三维荧光光谱以及高效体积排阻色谱3种研究方法的结合可以表征不同类型荧光物质的相对分子质量分布规律,进而揭示它们的来源以及组分差异.用截留相对分子质量为1 000的再生纤维素超滤膜对几种不同类型地表水体中的溶解有机质进行分离后,利用三维荧光光谱以及相对分子质量分布特征谱图表征超滤完成后滞留液中相对分子质量较高的组分和渗透液中相对分子质量较低的组分中溶解有机质的性质.结果发现,湖北神农架大九湖沼泽水中原先被强腐殖酸荧光吸收峰E(Ex/Em: 360 nm/462 nm)掩盖的类富里酸荧光吸收峰A(Ex/Em: 260 nm/450 nm)和C(Ex/Em: 320 nm/439 nm)以及类蛋白荧光吸收峰B(Ex/Em: 275 nm/312 nm)和D(Ex/Em: 220 nm/308 nm)因其相对分子质量较小而被分离进入渗透液中,可被荧光检测;贵州红枫湖南湖内源产生的类蛋白荧光吸收峰B(Ex/Em: 280 nm/334 nm)和D(Ex/Em: 225 nm/328 nm)在原水中含量太低,即使采用灵敏度高的荧光检测手段也很难从原水中直接鉴别出来,但超滤后却因其相对分子质量大而被保存在超滤滞留液中.此外,研究还发现不同来源的类富里酸荧光物质和类蛋白荧光物质其相对分子质量大小也存在差异.如红枫湖南湖内源产生的类蛋白荧光物质具有较大的相对分子质量分布,被保存在超滤滞留液中;而贵州阿哈湖外源输入的类蛋白荧光物质相对分子质量则较小,易通过超滤膜进入渗透液中.因此, 3种研究方法的联合可以为研究地表水体中溶解有机质的性质提供方便直接的定性信息.     

池塘悬浮物COD值与灼烧减重燃烧热值的定量关系

为了快速监测水体悬浮有机物的数量,文章采用密封法测定COD,研究了池塘水体悬浮物及固体干物质样品的COD值与燃烧热值及灼烧减重之间的定量关系。结果表明:池塘水体悬浮物及固体干物质样品的COD值与燃烧热值及灼烧减重之间存在显著的相关关系。而且池塘水体悬浮物的COD值与燃烧热值之间的线性回归关系极显著,回归方程为,燃烧热值(J/L)=12.34COD(mg/L)+329.9。给定燃烧热值与有机碳的量以及与有机物量之间的换算系数,就可以推算出池塘悬浮有机物的数量。研究提出了一种池塘水体悬浮有机物的间接定量方法。     

沉积物与土壤有机质化学发光分析技术研究

文章提出了一种新的快速、现场分析沉积物和土壤中有机质含量以及组成特征的方法。该方法的提出建立在臭氧与沉积物和土壤中有机质发生氧化反应过程中会产生化学发光现象基础上。研究发现,不同沉积物和土壤样品由于组成结构不同,所产生的化学发光动力学曲线具有明显特异性差异。利用这种差异,通过原理试验样机所获取的样品化学发光动力学曲线,文章针对沉积物和土壤中有机质进行了初步的定量、定性含量研究,并结合现有检测方法,验证了臭氧氧化发光分析方法分析沉积物和土壤中有机质的可行性。根据实验中得到的不同沉积物和土壤样品化学发光动力学曲线具有很大信息差异的现象,进一步提出了建立沉积物和土壤中有机质特征编码"有机质指纹"的概念。     

Combined fluorescence and electrochemical investigation on the binding interaction between organic acid and human serum albumin

Human serum albumin (HSA) is a plasma protein responsible for the binding and transport of fatty acids and a variety of exogenous chemicals such as drugs and environmental pollutants. Such binding plays a crucial role in determining the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and bioavailability of the pollutants. We report investigation on the binding interaction between HSA and acetic acid (C2), octanoic acid (C8) and dodecanoic acid (C12) by the combination of site-specific fluorescent probe, tryptophan intrinsic fluorescence and tyrosine electrochemistry. Two fluorescent probes, dansylamide and dansyl-L-proline, were employed in the displacement measurement to study fatty acid interaction with the two drug-binding sites on HSA. Intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan in HSA was monitored upon addition of the fatty acids into HSA. Electrocatalyzed response of the tyrosine residues in HSA by a redox mediator was used to investigate the binding interaction. Qualitatively, observations made by the three approaches are very similar. HSA did not show any change in either fluorescence or electrochemistry after mixing with C2, suggesting there is no significant interaction with the short-chain fatty acid. For C8, the measured signal dropped in a single-exponential fashion, indicative of independent and non-cooperative binding. The calculated association constant and binding ratio is 3.1×106 L/mol and 1 with drug binding Site I, 1.1×107 L/mol and 1 with Site II, and 7.0×104 L/mol and 4 with the tryptophan site. The measurement with C12 displayed multiple phases of fluorescence change, suggesting cooperativity and allosteric effect of C12 binding. These results correlate well with those obtained by the established methods, and validate the new approach as a viable tool to study the interactions of environmental pollutants with biological molecules.     

Microbiological parameters and maturity degree during composting of Posidonia oceanica residues mixed with vegetable wastes in semi-arid pedo-climatic condition

The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues (VR) collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica (PoR), collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches (as well as their removal) constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion: (a) C/N ratio < 15; (b) NH₄⁺-N < 400 mg/kg; (c) CO₂-C < 2000 mg CO₂-C/kg; (d) dehydrogenase activity < 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; (e) germination index (GI) > 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N (13.0 g/kg), P (4.74 g/kg) and MgO (15.80 g/kg). Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.     

Biodegradability of soil water soluble organic carbon extracted from seven di erent soils

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is considered the most mobile and reactive soil carbon source and its characterization is an important issue for soil ecology study. A biodegradability test was set up to study WSOC extracted from 7 soils di erently managed. WSOC was extracted from soil with water (soil/water ratio of 1:2, W/V) for 30 min, and then tested for biodegradability by a liquid state respirometric test. Result obtained confirmed the finding that WSOC biodegradability depended on the both land use and management practice. These results suggested the biodegradability test as suitable method to characterize WSOC, and provided useful information to soil fertility.     

Characterization of organic matter in total suspended particles by thermodesorption and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk of organic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass, is bound to polymeric material whose structure and properties are largely unknown. Here we used thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Td- GC/MS) to study organic compounds of low molecular mass and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to characterize the chemical structure of macromolecules in TSP samples collected in di erent seasons from di erent sites in Guangzhou. n-Alkanes, fatty acids and nitriles were the predominant compounds in the thermodesorption products, whereas aromatics, fatty acids, nitriles and n-alkanes/alkenes were the major compounds in the pyrolysates. The results indicated that aromatics were main units in macromolecules. The fatty acids and nitriles formed from carboxylic ammonium salts were detected in both thermodesorption products and pyrolysates at a certain concentration, indicating the importance of these compounds in TSP formation. The TSP source mainly determined the occurrence of compounds in samples from urban, suburban and forest sites, whereas the TSP source and formation process maybe controlled the seasonal variation in compounds detected. High levels of nitriles in summer samples from suburban and forest sites coincide with the release of ammonium from the land and of fatty acids from vegetation at these sites.     

水解(酸化)工艺预处理难降解有机废水应用技术分析

本文对水解(酸化)工艺进行了原理分析,论述了该工艺的优缺点,以及对后续工艺的影响.分析论述了该工艺对几种典型的难降解有机废水的降解机理.认为水解(酸化)作为难降解有机废水的预处理工艺具有很高的推广应用价值.     

低分子量有机酸对岩源磷释放的实验研究

低分子量有机酸是微生物和植物根系分泌物中重要的组成部分.采用浸泡实验比较了4种常见低分子量有机酸(草酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸)对巢湖北岸东部富磷地层中岩源磷的释放量,并对浸提后的部分残渣进行磷的赋存形态分析.结果表明,当有机酸浓度小于5mmol·L-1时,柠檬酸的释磷量最大;大于5mmol·L-1时,草酸和酒石酸的释磷量最大,此时释磷量与有机酸的浓度具有一定的线性关系,其增加趋势远大于浓度小于5mmol·L-1时的增加趋势,而其中草酸和酒石酸又远大于柠檬酸和苹果酸.在有机酸溶液终止pH≥4时,有机酸溶液终止pH与释磷量有较好的线性关系.在50mmol·L-1相同浓度时,草酸对各赋存形态磷转化作用均最大,酒石酸次之.而4种酸对有机磷释放率最大,均高达97%以上,对闭蓄态磷的释放率最小.