Comparison of batch leaching tests and influence of pH on the release of metals from construction and demolition wastes

Construction and demolition wastes are suitable for use in road construction. However, leaching characterization of recycled materials is required to determine their pollutant potential and the consequence of their application in different scenarios. The motivation of this paper is derived from the increasing use of different leaching test methods. In Europe, the confusion resulting from the wide variety of tests used to evaluate environmental properties of construction materials implies that an evaluation of the current practices and the attempt to consolidate the approaches are required.Two equilibrium-based leaching tests (the Dutch test and the European standard) were conducted to assess the environmental impact of four recycled aggregates. Three natural limestone aggregates were used as controls. Both tests measure the potential release of hazardous elements under extreme conditions using different leaching parameters (L/S ratio, pH value and contact time). The results proved that pH is the most relevant factor on the assessment of the differences between leaching methods due to its strong control on the pollutant release.To classify the materials according to their environmental effects, the concentration limit values of the metals imposed by Council Decision 2003/33/EC were used as a reference. The comparison allowed the classification of the recycled aggregates as inert wastes, with the exception of the MR-2 aggregate, which was classified as non-hazardous material.     

锰基改性生物炭对弱碱性Cd污染土壤团聚体结构以及Cd含量特征的影响

通过田间试验,探究锰基改性稻壳生物炭对弱碱性Cd污染土壤有机碳含量、团聚体结构以及团聚体各粒级的Cd质量负载和有效态含量的影响.结果表明,施加改性生物炭,土壤有机碳含量表现为随着改性生物炭施加量的增加而呈现出逐渐升高的趋势,较对照增加了3.2%～32.0%.改性生物炭对土壤团聚体的分布结构和稳定性具有改良作用,增加了大团聚体(5～8 mm和2～5 mm粒级)所占的质量分数,微团聚体(≤0.25 mm)则受到抑制,土壤团聚体平均质量直径(GWD)、几何平均直径(MWD)和土壤团粒结构体(R_(0.25))较对照分别增加了15.1%～20.3%、 8.1%～22.4%和0.43%～7.6%.Cd含量主要富集在团聚体小颗粒中,其在土壤团聚体各粒级的质量负载随粒径的减小而逐渐增大.Cd分布因子在0.5～1 mm和0.25～0.5 mm粒级中表现出明显富集状况,而在5～8 mm和2～5 mm粒径中表现出明显亏损状态.与对照相比,添加改性生物炭降低了全土和土壤团聚体各粒级中DTPA-Cd含量,其中在5～8、 2～5、 0.5～1.0和0.25～0.5 mm粒径中分别降低了7.6%～15.1%、 15.6%～24.3%、 3.6%～13.8%和11.6%～13.7%(P0.05).总体而言,改性生物炭不仅对污染土壤团聚体的结构具有良好的优化作用,而且能够降低不同粒径土壤中Cd有效态含量,达到阻控修复Cd污染的目的.     

磷石膏改善苏打碱土理化性质效果分析

分析了磷石膏对苏打碱土团聚体稳定性、饱和导水率和盐分淋洗效果的影响.结果表明:水稳定大团聚体质量分数和饱和导水率均随磷石膏施用量的逐渐增加而不断提高,磷石膏施用量达到100%GR时,水稳性大团聚体质量分数从对照的0.03%增加到33.31%,饱和导水率从对照的0.13 mm·d~(-1)提高到3.14 mm·d~(-1);出流液电导率和pH均随磷石膏施用量的增加而降低,磷石膏施用量达到100%GR时,出流液电导率和pH分别从对照的8.85 mS·cm~(-1)和10.26降低到3.46mS·cm~(-1)和9.83.因此,磷石膏对苏打碱土理化性质的改良效果十分显著.     

亚临界水处理模拟有机-矿质复合体形成机制探讨

为模拟地质吸附剂中的有机质矿化腐殖化及有机-矿质复合体的形成过程,采用亚临界水处理技术,通过控制压力反应釜的温度、压力和反应时间对商用腐殖酸、高岭土及有机-矿质复合体进行处理,并通过比表面积全分析、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、特定波长可见吸光度比值（E₄/E₆）、X射线衍射（XRD）和¹³C核磁共振（¹³C-NMR）等表征手段尝试探讨不同处理条件下有机质、粘土矿物及二者复合体的各自变化特征及机制.结果表明,升温增压不仅导致腐殖酸比表面积显著增加,而且分子量变大,芳化度由59.52%增加到70.90%,其主要原因是游离羧基和链烃在升温增压条件下实现了成环、聚合过程,使其结构更加复杂,化学稳定性提高.高岭土在升温增压的过程中脱水,形成结晶更加完整的有序结构.腐殖酸与高岭土形成有机-矿质复合体的过程中存在多重作用,首先高岭土优先选择腐殖酸分子中的芳香组分进行插层,至形成较为致密的内层结构,其次,补丁在外围的游离羧基、烷氧和链式结构在高温高压的作用下成环、聚合形成疏松的外层空间.高岭土、腐殖酸及二者的复合体的变化趋势分别与天然环境中粘土矿物及有机质的矿化腐殖化进程和方向相一致.     

Effect of cement content and recycled rubber particle size on the performance of rubber-modified concrete

According to the Rubber Manufacturer’s Association, the United States generated 3664 thousand metric tons of scrap tires in 2015. While most waste tires are repurposed, approximately 409.5 thousand metric tons were disposed in landfills. This study investigates an alternative use of the waste tires as a replacement of natural aggregates in concrete mixtures. This study investigated fresh concrete properties and compressive strength. Different coarse and fine aggregate rubber particle sizes were evaluated: 19-mm tire chips (TCs) and 30-mesh crumb rubber (CR). TCs were used to replace coarse aggregates, while CR was used to replace fine aggregate in the concrete mixtures in increments of 10% by volume. Concrete strength loss was reduced with a fine aggregate replacement with CR as opposed to greater losses of strength exhibited by a coarse aggregate replacement with TCs. Adequate strengths were achieved at replacement levels as high as 40% by volume with CR, whereas satisfactory strengths were achieved with only a 10% replacement of coarse aggregates with TCs. Acceptable strengths were obtained from mixtures utilizing a combination of the two rubber sizes. Cement content was observed to have greater influence on rubberized concrete compressive strength at lower rubber contents than higher levels.     

Effects of fertilization on phosphorus distribution in water-stable aggregates of soils with different properties

Aggregation in agricultural soils is considered as an important physical process affected by fertilizers or manure addition. Therefore, the effects of two fertilizers, mineral and manure were assessed using three soils and correlate the soil properties on phosphorus distribution in water-stable aggregate (WSA). Application of manure increased the proportion of WSA (>5 mm) in all soil types, and mineral fertilizer (MF) slightly increased the proportion of microaggregates in entisols and isohumosols. Both fertilizers increased total phosphorus in all WSA sizes, and the highest values were observed in those of ferrosols and isohumosols. In entisols, the highest total phosphorus value was found in microaggregates in water-soluble form. Manure enhanced the organic phosphorus in all soil types, and MF resulted in enrichment of organic phosphorus in WSA (<2 mm) of entisols.     

同步硝化反硝化（SND）过程污泥聚集状态对N2O释放的影响

为实现SND高效生物脱氮及N2O减量化释放的双重目标,采用气升环流生物反应器,在实现SND高效脱氮的基础上研究了污泥的聚集状态与N2O释放特征之间的关系.采用关键酶酶促反应速率法评估了不同聚集状态污泥的硝化/反硝化活性,在相关理论分析的基础上,进行了污泥聚集状态的优化选择.结果表明,SND体系内活性污泥的聚集状态不同会...     

垦殖方式对小叶章湿地表土团聚体有机碳分布的影响

研究了2种垦殖方式对三江平原小叶章湿地表土团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响.结果表明,垦殖后,粒径>0.25mm的大团聚体呈降低趋势,大豆田中0.053~0.25mm微团聚体增加;水稻田中主要增加的是1mm及0.053~0.25mm团聚体有机碳含量降幅均呈现大豆田大于水稻田,水稻田>大豆田,小叶章湿地>大豆田>水稻田.水稻田比大豆田土壤有机碳储量稍高,但其微团聚体有机碳储量及其占土壤有机碳储量的比例低于大豆田,开垦为大豆田比开垦为水稻田有利于土壤有机碳长期存留.     

沙土不同粒径微团聚体对磷的富集特征

流失的水土是污染物的重要载体,为估算沙土吸附态磷流失量,采用平衡吸附法研究了沙土不同粒径微团聚体对磷的富集特征.结果表明,不同粒径微团聚体对磷的富集系数为:黏粒(3.79)＞粉粒(2.98),沙土中微团聚体对磷的富集作用比较强,其原因有三:细粒级微团聚体中腐殖质含量显著高于粗粒级;细粒级微团聚体中有机质是通过可溶有机质与黏土矿物相互结合形成复合体而富集,在复合体结构中存在孔隙填充方式磷吸附;粘粒和粉粒中的铁铝键有机矿质复合体所占比例显著高于其它粒级,在对磷吸附中发挥重要作用,其吸附机制除孔隙填充方式外,还存在铁铝氧化物及水化氧化物对磷的配位吸附.不同粒径团聚体对磷的吸附分配系数和富集系数均与腐殖质总量呈显著正相关(p＜ 0.01,r分别为0.854和0.954);西辽河流域沙土在暴雨径流中黏粒级和粉粒级冲泻质泥沙所携载的吸附态磷质量分数可分别按1269.15 mg·kg-1和997.53 mg·kg-1估算,黏粒和粉粒级微团聚体对磷的富集系数(Er)可分别按3.79和2.98计算.     

黑土不同粒径有机-矿质复合体对镉的吸附特性

采用振荡平衡法研究了黑土不同粒级有机-矿质复合体对Cd2+的吸附等温过程和吸附动力学过程,并采用常见数值模型进行了拟合. 结果表明,原土及各粒级复合体对Cd2+的吸附量随平衡液中ρ(Cd2+)的增加而增加. 各粒级组分对Cd2+的吸附量表现为黏粒＞粉粒＞原土＞粗砂＞细砂. Langmuir和Freundlich方程对Cd2+的等温吸附过程均有较好的拟合效果,线性方程拟合效果较差. 最大吸附量与吸附作用强度均呈随粒径增大而减小的趋势. 对影响最大吸附量和吸附作用强度的因子进行回归分析表明,w(有机质)、CEC(阳离子交换量)和比表面积的影响较大,其中w(有机质)是最主要因素,CEC和比表面积的影响次之. 各粒级复合体对土壤吸附Cd2+的贡献率为粉粒＞细砂＞黏粒＞粗砂,99%的Cd2+吸附在＜200 μm的组分上. 不同粒级组分对Cd2+的吸附动力学过程可分为0~20 min的快速反应阶段（吸附量均达到饱和吸附量的90%以上）和慢速反应阶段. 各组分对Cd2+的吸附符合二级动力学过程,表明吸附过程以化学吸附为主,并且吸附速率随颗粒粒径的增大而减小.