能源回弹效应的研究进展及其政策涵义

“十二五”期间节能减排的目标是单位GDP能耗下降16％,为实现这一目标,政府采取了以提高能源效率为核心的节能减排政策,但是能源效率的提高可能产生潜在的“回弹效应”,即可能增加能源的使用从而使得节能减排目标难以实现.本文在文献研究的基础上,分析了回弹效应的类型和产生机理,梳理了国内外文献中关于回弹效应测度的实证结果,指出了当前实证研究中存在的主要问题,并从公共政策制定的角度设计了经济模型和其他社会科学相结合的定性比较分析研究方案,主张从经济主体行为反应、替代品价格、能源补贴以及发展新能源政策等多重视角研究回弹效应发生的内在机理,从而对能源政策产生明确的导向.最后,提出了加强能源回弹效应研究的具体政策建议.     

Prioritization of Sustainable Groundwater Management Needs: The Case of the Israel's Stressed Coastal Aquifer

On-going population growth and resulting domestic demand for water require rapid and effective decision-making as regards groundwater management and control of the various sources of salinization and pollution in Coastal aquifers. Sustainability of water resources for utilization by future generations must therefore be a high priority, not only for the purpose of fulfilling needs for water usage but also for bringing people into harmony with their ambient natural environment.The objective of this paper is to propose an empirical approach for prioritization of the needs involved for sustainable aquifer management. The approach involves a schematic format to:(1) develop a global understanding of an aquifer's hydrological and environmental properties in order to delineate appropriate eco-hydrological scenarios and recommend corresponding operational management activities; and(2) emphasize the importance of educating and increasing the awareness of the population involved as to the need for and viability of socially acceptable measures for sustainable management of groundwater and other resources.The psychologist Abraham Maslow utilized a pyramid to illustrate that until people's most basic needs were fulfilled, higher levels of needs would remain irrelevant. This paper postulates a comparable pyramid prioritizing hydrological needs required for progressing towards sustainable groundwater resources. Two sub-regions of Israel's Coastal aquifer in the Sharon region have been presented as representative areas, each characterized by different stress of exploitation. In assessing these sub-regions situation, specific measures have been recommended for achieving and/or maintaining sustainable groundwater resources in light of the ambient environment, and the level of the population on the pyramidal hierarchy of groundwater needs.     

三峡库区坡耕地利用与水土保持种植制

三峡库区耕地资源十分有限,且坡耕地占有相当大的比重,陡坡地多,在不良的耕作方式下肥力低下,水土流失十分严重在分析三峡库区自然条件与坡耕地资源特点的基础上,讨论了坡耕地种植制度与土壤侵蚀的关系,提出通过合理搭配作物种类进行多熟制间套作,一年生农作物与多年生经饲作物间作及农作物与木本植物等高间作等手段来建立坡耕地水土保持种植制,从而达到减轻土 蚀之目的。     

大气微生物与气象条件及大气污染物的灰色关联分析

根据大气微生物浓度、气象因子和大气污染理化因子的监测结果，应用灰色关联分析原理，分析研究大气微生物浓度与气象条件和大气污染物的关联程度，说明气象因子对各类微生物浓度的影响大于大气污染因子，特别是对耐高渗透压霉菌。     

关于在环境影响评价过程中开展公众参与的思考

通过对不同形式公众参与优缺点的分析,提出今后有效开展公众参与的建议,旨在探讨《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》实施后,中国应如何开展环境影响评价中的公众参与。     

中国主要污染行业资源环境信息共享系统开发研究

利用Web-CIS技术可以完成全国各省及重点城市主要污染行业资源环境信息数据同空间信息数据相结合的Web发布，在Internet上实现了信的完全共享。该系统的建成必奖有助于公众了解当地主要污染行业的资源环境状况。为科研机构的研究工作提供数据支持，并对政府部门的一些决策提供科学依据。     

村级水资源的管理与利用研究--来自南方四个村的案例分析

农村水资源及其相关设施的改革需要更多了解村和户层次上的现实状况和机制安排。以避免改革扭曲和失败。通过对湖北和广西共四个村的村委会、关键知情人及120个农户的调查。在村和农户两个层次上描述水资源及其相关设施的管理与利用，尤其是在干旱年份村和户所采取的策略。并深入分析了农村村级水资源管理与利用的制度安排与问题。得出的结论是。追求水利管理效率的市场化改革需要考虑干旱的威胁，要有基于风险的制度设计和法律保障。     

Study on the Balance of Agricultural Water and Land Resources on Ningxia Plain

The article puts forward the process and means of regional water and land balance research, and then from two scenarios which are the balances under natural regulation and human intervention, calculated and analysed the balance between water and land on Ningxia Plain. For the balance under natural regulation named farmland water balance, using farmland water resource balance equation, the research estimated the monthly farmland＂ water balance of 8 major crops for all of the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain in the period of 1960-2001; for the balance under human intervention, the research estimated land-use water balance equation of the counties in 2000, and calculated the balance between land use and water resources including irrigating water of all the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain. Results showed that ①precipitation can not meet the water demand of the crops for growth and development on Ningxia Plain, and water shortage is the primary character of farmland water balance under natural regulation. ②the diversity of water and land balance of different counties is distinctly influenced by the crop structure, water quantity for irrigation and irrigation level. ③Irrigation water could meet the crop water demand on Ningxia Plain in 2000, but there was not much space to expand irrigating cultivated land.     

四湖地区水资源及其调控

四湖地区是湖北省有名的“水袋子”,治水是关系社会经济发展的重大问题。该区降水丰沛,年均１１１５．３ｍｍ,产生径流深３４３．８ｍｍ;过境客水流量大,年均５０８８×１０８１ｍ３;总体水资源丰富。由于降水的时空分布不匀,客水流量不稳定,常造成来水集中而形成洪涝灾害,来水不足而形成干旱威胁,尤其是春旱。建国以来,为兴利去害,四湖地区经历了隔断江湖、疏理水系、建立引水与自排系统、以及修建电排站等以防洪、排涝和灌溉为主要目的大规模水系整治过程,有效地控制了流域水患。但同时促进了过度的围湖围垸垦殖,使调蓄能力锐减,外洪内涝不断,所造成的经济损失也越来越大。在进一步分析了四湖地区洪涝灾害频繁发生的内外原因之后,提出了加固堤防,完善分蓄洪区建设;调整土地利用结构,合理调蓄;完善设施,合理调度的水资源调控对策措施。     

揭开武汉东湖蓝藻水华消失之谜

水华（亦称湖靛）是湖泊富营养化最恶劣的表征之一。武汉东湖７０年代至１９８４年间每年夏季出现蓝藻水华,１９８５年起突然消失,至今已有１４年没有重现,原因何在？通过三次设在湖里的围隔试验,证明鲢鳙的大量放养,是水华消失的决定性因素。