落叶燃烧排放的颗粒物及有机碳、元素碳的研究

为研究落叶燃烧排放的颗粒物(PM)及有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC),采用明燃和闷燃两种形式对10种乔木的落叶进行燃烧实验,采集了排放的烟尘,并用元素碳/有机碳分析仪测定样品的OC和EC含量.结果表明,落叶在明燃状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子范围分别为7.9~31.9、0.9~9.7、3.6~13.9 g·kg-1,平均值分别为19.7、5.2、6.8 g·kg-1.闷燃状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子范围分别为61.3~128.9、31.7~60.4、1.9~6.0 g·kg-1,平均值分别为91.0、43.0、4.0 g·kg-1.明燃和闷燃的OC/EC变化范围分别为0.21~1.82和8.16~16.84.明燃状态下OC/PM、EC/PM的范围分别为0.11~0.41和0.18~0.56.闷燃状态下OC/PM、EC/PM的范围分别为0.43~0.53和0.03~0.06.OC和PM的排放因子在两种燃烧状态下均呈现显著的相关性.在不同的燃烧状态下,各组分之间的排放因子具有较大的差异,OC的排放因子在闷燃状态下高于明燃状态,而EC的排放因子则相反.不同燃烧状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子及它们之间的比值分析,对建立森林生物质燃烧源排放清单以及来源解析具有重要意义.     

硫氮沉降下西北荒漠煤矿区周边土壤性质的变化特点

近年来中国大部分区域大气硫、氮沉降速率趋于平稳甚至下降,但西北地区煤炭行业的快速发展使得硫、氮沉降速率加快.燃煤电厂作为酸前体物的主要排放源之一,在其周围开展硫、氮沉降效应研究,可为合理评价煤矿区大气污染物控制措施的实施效果提供数据支撑.该文以宁东能源化工基地3个燃煤电厂为采样点,研究了电厂周围土壤化学和生物学性质的变...     

LPG/汽油双燃料汽车实时尾气排放比较研究

为了检验目前应用较为广泛的LPG/汽油双燃料改造汽车的实际排放和能源效益,采用车载尾气检测设备(OEM-2100)收集了两辆LPG/汽油双燃料汽车的实时尾气排放数据,比较了实验车辆在使用LPG和汽油两种燃料时的实际排放结果,包括在不同工况下的排放结果的比较.比较结果显示,两车在使用LPG燃料时排放并不理想.本文还分析了两车使用LPG燃料的排放特点,又对两种燃料的经济性做了比较,得出车辆在使用LPG时的燃油经济性较好.     

国际碳减排活动中的利益博弈和中国策略的思考

博弈论能够解释许多经济活动和国际关系中出现的现象和问题。利用博弈论的相关理论。对《京都议定书》各利益集团之间的利益争斗进行了分析。指出各利益集团之间斗争的内在原因。并对中国在新一轮谈判中的策略提出了一些建议：由于《京都议定书》生效,而美国仍拒绝批准《京都议定书》。并同时抛出自己的减排方案。这必然会引起新一轮的减排博弈。面对美国等一些国家施加的压力,中国在这场新的博弈中要有所准备。提出具有建设性的建议和意见。既要维护中国和大多数发展中国家的利益。又要有助于减排。     

Saving Energy and Reducing Emission When Recycling Acetone during the Production of Soy Phospholipid

Acetone, which is volatile, flammable, toxic, expensive and causing serious air pollution, is often used as extracting solvent in the production of powdery soy phospholipid. Recycling and reusing acetone is the key of reducing the cost of production. Therefore, saving energy and reducing emission when recycling acetone are the most important technologies during the production of phospholipid. On the basis of the productivity of powdery phospholipid being 2.4 t every day, 43.2 t acetone is reused every 8 h and the total volume of acetone gas emitted is 450.75 m^3 （about 901.5 kg）. According to the current price of acetone, the lost money is about 7212 yuan RMB.     

Validation of Urban Emission Inventories

Two emission validation methods are presented. The first method focuses on the precision of the emission factors and the accuracy of modelled traffic flows. Emission factors derived from the COPERT II methodology are compared with on-board emission measurements and modelled traffic flow rates are compared with observations. The second validation method focuses on the completeness of the inventory, i.e. coverage of all sources. The method compares measured pollutant fluxes in the urban plume with the downwind transported and dispersed emissions integrated over plume width and mixing height. Both methods seem to indicate that traffic emission factors used in the urban emission inventories show large uncertainties. Besides the lack of measurement precision this is mainly induced by external influence factors like driving behaviour and vehicle maintenance.     

在役压力容器的动态检测技术与研究进展

根据笔者多年声发射检测与评价技术的研究成果并综合分析不同发展阶段的有关文献，论述了压力容器结构完整性检测与综合评估的意义，分析其合理性和难度，并对这种动态检测技术在评价压力容器结构完整性方面的研究进展作了较全面的评述     

应对二氧化碳浓度上升问题的研究:CO_2的捕获、储存与利用

为了缓解日益严重的CO2浓度升高导致的温室效应等环境问题,针对各国CO2过量排放与温室效应逐渐加剧的现状,讨论传统CO2减排方法与CO2的捕获、储存与利用(CCSU)的优缺点和优势互补,论述针对大型CO2排放点的减排措施——CCSU的必要性。对CCSU进行系统的介绍和认识,并对CCSU所包含的各种捕获技术、储存技术以及利用技术的特点进行对比和分析,论述其适用范围、地域和经济因素。结合国外一些现有的应用CO2的先进技术和经验,对CO2的捕获与利用的联用作出分析和展望。尤其是CO2的化工利用具有广阔的研发和发展前景,CO2EOR(CO2提高采收率技术)在技术和经济上具有实际应用意义。为新型环保型能源体系的建设提供参考。     

Economic Analysis of CO2 Emission Trends in China

Climate change is one of hot spots all around the world. China, the second biggest CO₂ emitter, is facing increasingly severe pressure to reduce CO₂ emission. The article first describes Kaya Identity and its policy implications. Second, it uses the modified Kaya Identity and makes decomposition without residues on CO₂ emission during the period 1971-2005. Taking into account the changes of macroeconomic background, it conducts a detailed analysis in terms of CO₂ emission trend from 4^th Five Year Plan through 10^th Five Year Plan. The decomposition results indicate that economic development and increase in population are major driving forces, and that improvement in energy efficiency contributes to the reduction of CO₂ emission, and that decarbonization in primary energy structure is also an important strategic choice. Finally, the article stresses that in CO₂ order to realize the binding target of 20% reduction in GDP energy intensity during the 11^th Five Year Plan, China should speed up the readjustment of the industrial structure and energetically develop the energy-efficient technologies and clean fuel technology, which will effectively promote the country to reduce CO₂ emission and contribute to the mitigation of climate change.     

化工废气排放量灰色预测的GPSM（1）模型

在对ＧＩＭ（１）模型研究的基础上，提出了一种化工废气排放的单变量灰色幂级数曲线预测新模型「简称（ＧＰＳＭ（１）」，并建立了辨识模型参数的优化方法。结果表明，ＧＰＳＭ（１）在有线性输出的平稳系统中，比ＧＭ（１，１）更能反映原始资料提供的信息，系统分辨率高，同态性好，预测精度理想，为环境系统的拟合、预测分析和决策开辟了新途径，从而拓宽了ＧＭ（１，１）模型在环境科学领域中的应用范围。