不同添加剂对聚氨酯泡沫材料阻燃性能的影响

为研究不同添加剂对聚氨酯泡沫材料阻燃性能的影响,对磷酸、硼酸、杨梅单宁阻燃剂3种添加剂处理后的聚氨酯泡沫材料与标准样分别测定氧指数、热值、烟密度等级和热稳定性,并以层次分析法评价阻燃性能优劣。结果表明:4种材料PUF STD、PUF PA、PUF BA、PUF FR的OI、CV依次分别为34.71%、38.59%、35.88%、37.86%,17.4023、16.7037、15.3197、15.0397kJ/g,燃烧时均少烟,热稳定性排序为:TS PA>TS STD>TS FR>TS BA;采用层次分析法分析3种添加剂对聚氨酯泡沫材料阻燃性能的影响顺序由优到劣为:PUF PA>PUF FR>PUF BA>PUF STD。该结论可为聚氨酯材料阻燃添加剂的选择提供参考方向。     

中空结构可燃物竖直向上火蔓延特性实验研究*

为探究中空结构固体可燃物竖直向上火蔓延的特征规律,针对不同试样内径(d)的瓦楞纸圆管进行竖直向上的火蔓延实验研究,探讨试样内径对其竖直向上火蔓延特性的影响。结果表明:其火蔓延过程可以分为火焰发展、稳定蔓延和火焰衰弱3个阶段,蔓延过程中对流换热占据主导地位;平均火焰高度随d的增大先增大后略微减小,在d=70 mm时达到最大;火蔓延速率和质量损失速率均随d的增大而增大,并且质量损失速率与d存在较好的线性关系;火蔓延速率与热释放速率呈现出较好的幂次关系。可以发现在一定范围内,中空结构可燃物的内径越大其火灾危险性越高。     

光化学降解有机磷农药研究进展

光化学降解有机磷农药是一种高效、无二次污染的非生物转化过程,也是有机磷农药在环境中的主要降解途径.本文通过介绍光化学方法降解有机磷农药的基本原理、有机磷农药的主要光化学反应类型、光化学降解过程中光敏(猝灭)剂的作用及影响光化学反应的因素,分析了今后光化学降解有机磷农药研究中需要关注的问题,提出将有机磷农药的光催化氧化技术与其他方法相结合,研发高效、经济的新技术是今后农药残留降解技术研究的重点.     

Effect of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice soil in north India

Physiological changes in crop plants in response to the elevated tropospheric ozone (O₃) may alter N and C cycles in soil. This may also affect the atmosphere-biosphere exchange of radiatively important greenhouse gases (GHGs), e.g. methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soil. A study was carried out during July to November of 2007 and 2008 in the experimental farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to assess the effects of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil. Rice crop was grown in open top chambers (OTC) under elevated ozone (EO), non-filtered air (NF), charcoal filtered air (CF) and ambient air (AA). Seasonal mean concentrations of O₃ were 4.3 ± 0.9, 26.2 ± 1.9, 59.1 ± 4.2 and 27.5 ± 2.3 ppb during year 2007 and 5.9 ± 1.1, 37.2 ± 2.5, 69.7 ± 3.9 and 39.2 ± 1.8 ppb during year 2008 for treatments CF, NF, EO and AA, respectively. Cumulative seasonal CH₄ emission reduced by 29.7% and 40.4% under the elevated ozone (EO) compared to the non-filtered air (NF), whereas the emission increased by 21.5% and 16.7% in the charcoal filtered air (CF) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Cumulative seasonal emission of N₂O ranged from 47.8 mg m⁻² in elevated ozone to 54.6 mg m⁻² in charcoal filtered air in 2007 and from 46.4 to 62.1 mg m⁻² in 2008. Elevated ozone reduced grain yield by 11.3% and 12.4% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Global warming potential (GWP) per unit of rice yield was the least under elevated ozone levels. Dissolved organic C content of soil was lowest under the elevated ozone treatment. Decrease in availability of substrate i.e., dissolved organic C under elevated ozone resulted in a decline in GHG emissions. Filtration of ozone from ambient air increased grain yield and growth parameters of rice and emission of GHGs.     

流动注射在线富集原子吸收法测定痕量铅镉

在含铅、镉的试液中加入pH=5.72乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液3.20 mL,泵的转速恒为5 mL/min,用自制的强酸性阳离子交换树脂柱对试液中的铅、镉在线富集150 s,1.50 mol/L HNO3溶液洗脱20 s,火焰原子吸收法测定铅、镉的含量。该方法的线性范围分别是0~80.0μg/L、0~40.0μg/L,检出限分别为3.0μg/L、1.0μg/L,富集倍数分别为40倍、35倍。用该方法测定地表水中铅、镉的含量,结果满意。     

火焰原子吸收法测定水中铁的不确定度评定

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量值的分散性,与测量结果相联系的参数,通过火焰原子吸收分光光度法对水中铁的不确定度进行评定,确定铁测量不确定度的来源主要为工作曲线拟合、消解过程、重复测定和分析仪器,最主要来源是工作曲线,其他测量因素引起的分量较小,可以不予考虑。通过合理选择不确定度分量,优化评定过程,减少评定环节,达到对不确定度合理评定的目的。     

Toxic effects on adult male zebrafish（Danio rerio） following co-exposure to tris-（2,3-dibromopropyl） isocyanurate and 17 β-estradiol

三-（2,3-二溴丙基）异氰脲酸酯（TBC）是近年来在环境中新检测到的一种杂环溴化阻燃剂,但其毒性效应尚不明确.我们以雄性斑马鱼为受试动物,开展了TBC和17β-雌二醇（E2）的复合暴露实验,以研究TBC潜在的致毒机制.结果显示TBC可显著抑制E2所引起的斑马鱼肥满度指数上升,并能改善E2暴露所造成的斑马鱼精子细胞比例降低和性腺发育迟缓;E2暴露可造成斑马鱼肝组织脂肪样病变,肝中MDA含量上升,但SOD活力没有显著改变;TBC复合暴露后,MDA含量呈现下降趋势,但鱼肝仍有明显的脂肪样病变,对肝脏中的SOD活力也没有显著影响;更重要的是,TBC可显著抑制E2单一暴露所诱导的雄鱼肝脏中卵黄蛋白原基因的表达,这些数据表明TBC具有明显的内分泌干扰效应.因此,需要进一步关注TBC这类杂环溴化阻燃剂对水环境的潜在危害.     

环境中新兴有机污染物得克隆的研究进展

得克隆(Dechlorane plus,DP),即双(六氯环戊二烯)环辛烷,是一种有机氯系脂肪族添加型阻燃剂,也是环境中一类新型的有机污染物。前期对环境中DP的研究主要集中在北美五大湖地区,近来我国和欧洲部分国家也开展了类似的研究。文章综述了DP各种环境介质中的浓度分布和同系物特征,并对需要重点开展的研究方向进行了展望。     

种植基地有机磷农药污染土壤的微生物修复

针对我国土壤普遍受到有机磷农药污染的现状,从有机磷农药污染土壤中筛选出降解作用大、生理性状稳定的5种抗性菌株,根据细菌形态观察、生理生化指标检测及16SrDNA基因序列分析,初步确定其生物学分类地位。通过富集培养及固定化技术,分别研究其对甲拌磷、对硫磷、甲基异柳磷和氯氰菊酯等农药的生物降解作用及其影响因素。初步探讨了微生物对甲拌磷农药的降解机理。上述研究结果表明：利用微生物降解农药是一种较有开发前景的有效方法。     

Characteristics of dust explosion venting pressure and flame under high activation pressure

A 20 L spherical explosive device with a venting diameter of 110 mm was used to study the vented pressure and flame propagation characteristics of corn dust explosion with an activation pressure of 0.78–2.1 bar and a dust concentration of 400∼900 g/m³. And the formation and prevention of secondary vented flame are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the maximum reduced explosion overpressure increases with the activation pressure, and the vented flame length and propagation speed increase first and then decrease with time. The pressure and flame venting process models are established, and the region where the secondary flame occurs is predicted. Whether there is pressure accompanying or not in the venting process, the flame venting process is divided into two stages: overpressure venting and normal pressure venting. In the overpressure venting stage, the flame shape gradually changes from under-expanded jet flame to turbulent jet flame. In the normal pressure venting stage, the flame form is a turbulent combustion flame, and a secondary flame occurs under certain conditions. The bleed flames within the test range are divided into three regions and four types according to the shape of the flame and whether there is a secondary flame. The analysis found that when the activation pressure is 0.78 bar and the dust concentration is less than 500 g/m³, there will be no secondary flame. Therefore, to prevent secondary flames, it is necessary to reduce the activation pressure and dust concentration. When the dust concentration is greater than 600 g/m³, the critical dust concentration of the secondary flame gradually increases with the increase of the activation pressure. Therefore, when the dust concentration is not controllable, a higher activation pressure can be selected based on comprehensive consideration of the activation pressure and destruction pressure of the device to prevent the occurrence of the secondary flame.