生物电化学传感器测定农药残留的研究进展

生物传感器在环境监测方面具有灵敏及便于携带等优点.以胆碱酯酶的催化活性为基础的抑制型酶电极和以有机磷水解酶(OPH)为基础的直接测定型酶电极近来研究广泛、发展迅速.本文通过对传感器原理以及近10年酶固定技术的发展的叙述,总结了各种电化学传感器的优缺点,提供了酶生物传感器在测定有机磷农药残留的最新研究进展.     

我国有机磷农药废水的生化法处理研究进展

农药废水的污染已受到国内外环保工作者的重视 ,我国也不例外。各种处理方法层出不穷 ,而生化法是各处理方法中的重要方法 ,本文仅就我国生化法处理有机磷农药废水的研究进展作一概述     

有机磷农药和重金属对海洋微藻的联合毒性研究

以三角褐指藻、盐藻和青岛大扁藻为实验材料，采用联合指数相加法，研究了有机磷农药和重金属对这三种海洋微藻的急性毒性和联合毒性效应。实验结果表明，铜对这三种微藻毒性顺序为： 青岛大扁藻＞ 三角褐指藻＞ 盐藻。丙溴磷农药对三种微藻毒性顺序为： 三角褐指藻＞ 青岛大扁藻＞ 盐藻。盐藻对两种污染物均表现出较强耐受性。联合毒性实验结果显示： 对于三角褐指藻、盐藻和青岛大扁藻，丙溴磷－ 铜联合毒性在毒性比１∶１ 情况下，７２ ｈ Ａ Ｉ分别为－ ０４６２ 、－ ０５５７ 和－ ０７０２ ，均为拮抗作用     

杀螟松、马拉松、杀扑磷和杀灭磷在不同pH和温度下的水解速率

水解是农药在环境中降解的一条重要途径。为正确评价农药在各种环境条件下的残留行为,有必要系统地研究温度和介质酸碱度对农药水解速率的影响。     

Rhodococcus sp.BX2菌对乙腈的降解特性及降解途径研究

对Rhodococcus sp.BX2菌降解乙腈的特性及其降解途径进行了研究.结果显示,在底物浓度为800mg·L-1,接种量为1.0%,培养温度为35℃,环境pH为7.5的条件下,16h时Rhodococcus sp.BX2菌对乙腈的降解率为95.98%;添加葡萄糖可在培养初期加快Rhodococcus sp.BX2菌的生长和对乙腈的降解,蔗糖、乙酰胺和尿素对其影响不大.将BX2菌接种到含有高乙腈浓度(25000mg·L-1)的合成废水中,培养180h后,乙腈降解率可达88.59%.在催化反应60min后,Rhodococcus sp.BX2腈水合酶与腈水解酶的总酶活可达到422.81U·mL-1,对其相关基因序列的分析结果表明,Rhodococcus sp.BX2中同时存在腈水解酶基因和腈水合酶基因,因此,确定乙腈的降解主要由腈水合酶途径完成,可能同时存在腈水解酶的降解途径.     

Ecotoxicological effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on soil microorganisms

The widespread production and use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in recent years have posed potential threat to the ecosystem. This study aimed to investigate the ecotoxicological effect of ZnO-NPs on soil microorganisms using laboratory microcosm test. Respiration, ammonification, dehydrogenase (DH) activity, and fluorescent diacetate hydrolase (FDAH) activity were used as ecotoxicological parameters. The results showed that in the neutral soil treated with 1 mg ZnO-NPs per g soil (fresh, neutral), ammonification was significantly inhibited during the study period of three months, but the inhibition rate decreased over increasing time. Inhibition in respiration was observed in the first month of the test. In various ZnO-NPs treatments (1 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg ZnO-NPs per g soil), DH activity and FDAH activity were inhibited during the study period of one month. For both enzyme activities, there were positive dose–response relationships between the concentration of ZnO-NPs and the inhibition rates, but the curves changed over time due to changes of ZnO-NPs toxicity. Soil type affected the toxicity of ZnO-NPs in soil. The toxicity was highest in the acid soil, followed by the neutral soil. The toxicity was relatively low in the alkaline soil. The toxicity was not accounted for by the Zn²⁺ released from the ZnO-NPs. Direct interaction of ZnO-NPs with biologic targets might be one of the reasons. The adverse effect of ZnO-NPs on soil microorganisms in neutral and acid soils is worthy of attention.     

信息理论指数及其在有机磷农药毒性预测研究中的应用

为探讨化合物结构与毒性关系研究方法,将定量描述分子结构特征的信息理论指数、价分子连续性指数应用于有机磷农药毒性预测研究,提出了基团信息参数。运用判别分析、多元非线性回归分析,依据１１４种有机磷农药急性毒性数据资料,按动物不同给药途径,分别建立定性、定量预测模型,定性判别回代符合率均在８３．３３％以上,定量回归方程相关指数Ｒ＾２均在０．８１以上,回归残差呈正态分布。预测分析,预测值均在ＬＤ５０测定值     

An alkaline phosphatase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YP6 of new application in biodegradation of five broad-spectrum organophosphorus pesticides

In recent decades, biodegradation has been considered a promising and eco-friendly way to eliminate organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) from the environment. To enrich current biodegrading-enzyme resources, an alkaline phosphatase (AP3) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YP6 was characterized and utilized to test the potential for new applications in the biodegradation of five broad-spectrum OPs. Characterization of AP3 demonstrated that activity was optimal at 40?°C and pH 10.3. The activity of AP3 was enhanced by Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Cu²⁺, and strongly inhibited by Mn²⁺, EDTA, and L-Cys. Compared to disodium phenyl phosphate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) was more suitable to AP3, and the V_m, K_m, k_cat, k_cat/K_m values of AP3 for pNPP were 4,033?U mg^?1, 12.2?mmol L^?1, 3.3?×?10⁶ s^?1, and 2.7?×?10⁸ s^?1mol^?1L, respectively. Degradation of the five OPs, which included chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, dipterex, phoxim, and triazophos, was 18.7%, 53.0%, 5.5%, 68.3%, and 96.3%, respectively, after treatment with AP3 for 1?h. After treatment of the OP for 8?h, AP3 activities remained more than 80%, with the exception of phoxim. It can be postulated that AP3 may have a broad OP-degradation ability and could possibly provide excellent potential for biodegradation and bioremediation in polluted ecosystems.     

超声辅助乳化液相微萃取分析绿茶饮料和番茄汁中有机磷农药残留

农药施用于田间,必然会残留于环境中。农药残留的分析方法多种多样。为探究灵敏度高、重现性好的样品前处理方法,建立了超声辅助乳化液相微萃取,结合气相色谱和火焰光度检测器测定绿茶饮料和番茄汁中5种有机磷农药的方法,对萃取条件进行了优化,如萃取溶剂种类和体积、超声频率和时间、盐效应。在优化后的萃取条件下,5种有机磷农药实现良好分离,空白添加实验结果表明在0.1~10μg·L-1之间,线性相关系数在0.9985~0.9994之间,检测限在0.005~0.020μg·L-1之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)在4.3%~9.4%之间。在绿茶饮料和番茄汁实际样本检测中,目标分析物含量均低于检出限。样本添加回收试验的回收率均大于88.5%,相对标准偏差(n=3)在2.2%~9.8%之间,结果表明该方法用于液体样本中农药残留检测真实可靠。     

分散固相萃取法对果蔬中农药残留前处理的优化

以分散固相萃取法为前处理技术,乙腈为提取溶剂,建立了气相色谱-硫磷检测器（GC-FPD）分析苹果中10种有机磷农药残留的方法。实验表明,该方法可获得较高的回收率和精密度。分散固相萃取法较传统前处理方法更加简便,快速,是一种更有效的前处理技术。