三种有机磷农药对三角褐指藻活性氧伤害的差异性研究

３种有机磷农药－久效磷、对硫磷和辛硫磷对三角褐指藻的生长都有抑制效应，它们的７２ｈ半抑制剂量（７２ｈ·ＥＣ５０）分别为９．７４ｍｇ／Ｌ、８．２０ｍｇ／Ｌ和１．５２ｍｇ／Ｌ。结果表明，３均能引起藻细胞活性氧含量的增加，从而导致生物膜系统的膜脂过氧化和脱酯化伤害。这种由膜脂过氧化和脱酯化作用造成的膜损伤在３种农药中显示出较大的差异性。     

Study of multiresidue analytical method for organonitrogen and organophosphorus pesticides in soil and water

A gas chromatographic method without derivatization was developed for the residue analysis of 10 organonitrogen and 9 organophosphorus pesticides in soil and water. The samples were blended or shaken with acetone for extraction. The extracts were cleaned up by coagulation, then, re-extracted with three 50 ml portions of dichloromethane. The final residue was detected by gas chromatography equipped with NPD. All of the 19 pesticides were completely separated at a constant temperature. The method described above was applicable to the simultaneous determination of 10 organonitrogen and 9 organophosphorus pesticides .in soil and water with the satisfactory recovery (from 82.42% to 103.57%), coefficient of variance (from 0.17% to 12.57%) and limit of detection (from 0.0006 ppm to 0.058 ppm).     

长春市郊区蔬菜有机磷农药残留与健康风险评价

为了明晰长春市郊区蔬菜有机磷农药残留现况,原位采集7种214个蔬菜样品,采用气相色谱法(GC-FPD)对11种有机磷农药进行分析测定,并采用目标危险系数(THQ)法等对其风险进行了预测研究.结果表明,样品可食用部分有机磷农药含量超过与低于最大残留限量(MRL)的比率分别为23.4%和68.7%,仅7.9%样品未检出有机磷农药.有机磷农药检出率顺序依次为:二嗪农(82.2%)甲拌磷(45.8%)乐果(29.4%)甲基对硫磷(27.6%)氧化乐果(23.8%)敌敌畏(22.9%)杀螟硫磷(21%)倍硫磷(18.7%)对硫磷(18.2%)甲胺磷(17.3%)马拉硫磷(12.1%).叶菜类蔬菜有机磷超标率高于根茎类和茄果类蔬菜.不同种类蔬菜有机磷农药超标率顺序依次为:葱(82.5%)萝卜(37.5%)辣椒(17.2%)白菜(14.3%)黄瓜(3.2%)茄子(2.9%)西红柿(0%).49.5%蔬菜中检测到1种以上有机磷农药.目标平均危险系数(ave THQ)均小于1,ave HI为0.462.因此,从蔬菜有机磷农药平均含量看,目前蔬菜中的有机磷农药不会对市民造成明显的健康风险.     

太原市PM2.5中有机磷阻燃剂初步研究:污染特征及季节变化

2013年10月至2014年7月,在太原城区,分4个月采集大气细颗粒物,每个月选取4个样品,分析了颗粒物上8种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂(OPFRs)的浓度与组成。结果表明,大气PM2.5样品中OPFRs总浓度算术平均值为890±486 pg/m3,其中三种含氯有机磷阻燃剂(TCEP,TCPP和TDCPP)占总量的80%,其他5种无氯OPFRs占总量的20%。化合物组成上,以TCPP(38.5%)最高,其次分别为TCEP(34.6%)、TPP(9.6%)、TDCPP(6.9%)、TTP(5.1%)、TBP(3.2%)、Eh DPP(1.1%)和TEHP(0.8%)。季节变化来看,夏秋季样品中OPFRs浓度较高,而冬春样品浓度较低,且在化合物组成上,夏秋季样品中含氯OPFRs相对浓度要高于冬春季样品。相关分析显示,有机磷阻燃剂浓度变化与颗粒物浓度、有机质含量高低和环境温度无相关性,而主要与气团来源有关。     

气相色谱-质谱测定土壤样品中有机磷农药

利用索氏提取器或加速溶剂萃取装置对土壤样品中的有机磷农药进行提取,经旋转蒸发浓缩至一定体积后,用小柱净化或者凝胶渗透色谱法净化,再经氮吹浓缩后,用气相色谱质谱仪(GC-MS)进行定性定量分析.39种有机磷农药的回收率基本都在70％ ～ 130％,相对标准偏差小于10％,检出限为0.089 4 mg/kg ～0.693 mg/kg.经实验证明,该方法是一种快速、准确、灵敏度高且同时能满足检测土壤中多种有机磷农药残留的检测方法.     

鳊肌肉中有机磷农药GPC净化条件的选择

为了确定鳊肌肉中乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷3种有机磷农药GPC(凝胶渗透色谱)的最佳净化条件,运用“完全随机设计2因素折因设计”编辑不同的GPC单浓缩方法,通过气相色谱仪测定浓缩后农药溶液的浓度.比较样品浓度的标准偏差来确定GPC和气相色谱的精密度.比较有机磷农药加标回收率,用SPSS 16.0统计软件中的广义线性模型进行方差分析,确定适宜浓缩条件.通过持续分段收集法确定有机磷农药的适宜收集时间.采用确定的适宜收集时间和单浓缩条件对鳊肌肉中提取的有机磷农药进行净化.结果表明,在0.01～ 1.0 mg/L范围内3种农药组分含量与峰面积呈线性相关(相关系数为0.997～0.998).乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷的定性检出限分别为7.27 ng/ks、7.15 ng/kg、7.15 ng/ks,定量检出限分别为40.3ng/kg、37.3 ng/kg、38.0ng/kg.GPC净化的适宜条件:以环己烷:乙酸乙酯=1:1(体积比)为溶剂;柱流速为5.0 mL/min;定量进样环进样量为5.0 mL;除杂质时间为1 080s,收集目标物时间为480 s,洗柱时间为300 s;浓缩温度为40℃;第1阶段真空泵压力为18 000 Pa或19000Pa,第2阶段真空泵压力为20 000 Pa或21 000 Pa.适宜净化条件下乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷的回收率为83.59％～ 95.19％.在气相色谱仪和GPC精密度较好、标准工作曲线良好的情况下,确定了GPC对鳊肌肉中3种有机磷农药的适宜净化条件,回收率较好,检出限低于国家标准,符合淡水鱼类中有机磷农药的检测要求.     

ERα和ERβ介导的有机磷农药雌激素效应差异分析

雌激素受体（Estrogen Receptor,ER）ERα和ERβ能与雌激素特异性结合,它们在结构上的差异性可能影响与类雌激素的相互作用,这进而会影响其功能.因此,针对10种有机磷农药对ERα和ERβ的雌激素效应差异,采用分子对接方法比较分析了它们与ERα、ERβ相互作用的差异并筛选出与ERα和ERβ相互作用的最佳结合模式.结果发现,10种有机磷农药分子与ERα配体结合域（Ligand Binding Domain,LBD）精氨酸（Arg394）、赖氨酸（Lys449）、色氨酸（Trp393）形成氢键;而部分农药分子与ERβLBD精氨酸（Arg346）、亮氨酸（Leu343）、赖氨酸（Lys401）形成氢键.有机磷农药配体与ERαLBDArg394、Lys449、苯丙氨酸（Phe445）、脯氨酸（Pro324）、Leu387、谷氨酸（Glu353）、甘氨酸（Gly390）等存在疏水作用,与ERβLBD氨基酸Arg346、Glu305、Leu343、蛋氨酸（Met336）、组氨酸（His279）、丙氨酸（Ala302）等存在疏水作用.采用量子化学从头算进一步分析了10种有机磷农药分子表面静电势的差异.研究发现,有机磷农药分子与ERα和ERβ受体不同的相互作用是导致雌激素效应差异的重要原因.     

有机磷农药废水的产生及处理

农药工业是中国化学工业主要行业之一,有机磷农药在中国的农药结构中占有较高的份额,农药的"三废"问题以废水最为严峻和突出.有机磷农药是由有毒的化学原料合成的一种化学农药,合成过程中要排放出大量废水,每合成1吨农药约消耗3-4t化工原料,排放废水3-2t,且废水污染物浓度高.在分析了不同的有机磷农药其废水的产生来源,实际工作中接触到的淄博农药生产厂家几种主要有机磷农药废水的水量、水质.如何用有机磷农药废水常用的处理方法及回收利用.     

Effect of fulvic acid on the photochemical degradation of methylparathion

Photochemical degradation of methylparathion (O,O,–dimethyl O-4 nitrophenylphosphorothioate) in the presence of fulvic acid (FA) between pH 2 and 7 was studied by differential pulse polarography (DPP). Fulvic acid and its photoproducts were not electro-active under the experimental conditions used in this study, and only the pesticide exhibited polarographic signals. Photolysis of methylparathion in acid media was sensitized by fulvic acid since the pesticide did not degrade in the absence of this compound. Methylparathion degradation was observed at each of the studied pHs. The reaction was first-order with rate constant values ranging from 3.3 × 10^?3 to 8.8 × 10^?3min^?1.     

Effects of soil composition on solid phase microextraction determination of triazine and organophosphorus pesticides

The influence of organic matter and clay contents on headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) determination of triazine and organophosphorus pesticides in different soils was studied. The results of the study showed that content of soil organic matter dominantly participated in sorption of triazines (simazine, atrazine and prometryn) to soil, while sorption of organophosphorus pesticides (phorate and tebupirimfos) could not be explained only by contents of dominant soil sorption components (soil organic matter and clay). Sorption of all pesticides studied to different soil types was similar at their lower concentrations while the influence of soil composition was expressed at higher concentration levels. Except for phorate, the obtained sorption trends were different from those obtained by direct SPME mode (DM-SPME) and exhaustive liquid-solid extraction (LSE) method. These results indicated that most likely co-extractants from the analyzed medium complicated evaporation and diffusion of the pesticides to the PDMS fiber during HS-SPME sampling.