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41.
Jasmin Jaquet Pascal Weitzel Thorsten Junge Burkhard Schmidt 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):245-254
The metabolic fate of 14C-phenyl-labeled herbicide clodinafop-propargyl (CfP) was studied for 28 days in lab assays using a soil from Germany (Ap horizon, silt loam, and cambisol). Mineralization amounted to 12.40% of applied 14C after 28 days showing a distinct lag phase until day 7 of incubation. Portions of radioactivity extractable by means of 0.01 M CaCl2 solution (bioavailable fraction) decreased rapidly and were 4.41% after 28 days. Even immediately after application, only 57.31% were extracted with the aqueous solvent. Subsequent extraction using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE; acetonitrile/water 4:1, v/v) released 39.91% of applied 14C with day 0 and 26.16% with day 28 of incubation from the samples. Non-extractable portions of radioactivity thus, increased with time amounting to 11.99% (day 0) and 65.00% (day 28). A remarkable increase was observed between 14 and 28 days correlating with the distinct increase of mineralization. No correlation was found throughout incubation with general microbial activity as determined by DMSO reduction. Analysis of the CaCl2 and ASE extracts by radio-TLC, radio-HPLC and GC/MS revealed that CfP was rapidly cleaved to free acid clodinafop (Cf), which was further (bio-) transformed; DT50 values (based on radio-TLC detection of the parent compound) were far below 1 day (CfP) and about 7 days (Cf). TLC analysis pointed to 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-propionic acid as further metabolite. Due to fractionation of non-extractable residues, most of the 14C was associated with fulvic and humic acids, portions in humin fractions and non-humics were moderate and low, respectively. Using a special strategy, which included pre-incubation of the soil with CfP and then mineralization of 14C-CfP as criterion, a microorganism was isolated from the soil examined. The microorganism grew using CfP as sole carbon source with concomitant evolution of 14CO2. The bacterium was characterized by growth on commonly used carbon sources and by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The sequence exhibited high similarity with that of Rhodococcus wratislaviensis (99.56%; DSM 44107, NCIMB 13082). 相似文献
42.
August Curley A. H. El‐Sebae 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):611-614
Abstract Eight pairs of O‐methyl and O‐ethyl O‐(substituted‐phenyl) phenylphosphonothionates were evaluated with respect to their delayed neurotoxic activity in hens. O‐methyl compounds were in all cases more active than their O‐ethyl analogs. The neurotoxic potential of the O‐methyl phenylphosphonothionates was 2,5‐diCl >4‐NO2 >2,4,5‐triCl and 2,4,6‐triCl >2,4‐diCl >2,5‐diCl‐4‐Br >4‐CN, when single oral doses were given. Both EPN‐ethyl and leptophos‐raethyl were more neurotoxic in multiple dermal than multiple oral dosing regimens. LD50s for mice and flies were established. 相似文献
43.
2010年7月对藏南羊卓雍错流域进行了水样采集,通过测定与分析,揭示了流域最大湖泊羊卓雍错表层湖水化学水平分布特征和深水剖面变化规律,并探讨了该湖与流域其他水体化学性质的差异。结果表明:流域特殊的高寒气候、湖泊形状与补给来源、湖岸水系发育程度不同是造成羊卓雍错湖水化学空间分异特征明显的关键。在水平方向上,湖水HCO3-、Ca2+以及矿化度南高北低,而SO42-和Mg2+南低北高。这是由于湖水从南向北缓慢流动过程中蒸发浓缩所致;卡鲁雄曲径流量经空姆错补给羊卓雍错北部,使其矿化度较低。在垂直方向上,愈向湖泊深处,湖水SO42-、Cl-、CO32-和矿化度愈大,HCO3-则降低。与流域其他湖泊相比,羊卓雍错水化学性质与同属以降水补给为主的湖泊相近,与以冰雪融水补给为主的湖泊差异显著。与河水和地下水相比,羊卓雍错湖水SO42-和Mg2+当量浓度最大,河水和地下水则HCO3-和Ca2+含量较大。 相似文献
44.
CO_2地质封存技术是实现碳减排的有效措施,对鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组马五_1亚段地层水特征进行研究,是下一步实施工程化CO_2封存的首要前提。本文依据对深部钻井取样的直观观察与实验测试,采用单项指标分类评价和多项指标综合评价的方法深入分析了马家沟组马五_1亚段地层水的物理性质、化学性质、地层水类型和水化学特征参数。结果表明:马家沟组马五_1亚段地层水密度较大、矿化度极高,属于卤水,含量最多的离子是Cl~-,其次是Ca~(2+),地层水是CaCl_2型。钠氯系数、氯镁系数、脱硫系数和镁钙系数的分析表明马五_1亚段地层水封闭性极好,处于较强的还原环境。综合分析认为马家沟组马五_1亚段地层水具备实施CO_2封存的良好条件,非常适宜进行CO_2封存。 相似文献
45.
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to elucidate some of the chemical factors affecting the rate and pathways of N transformations in lake sediments. The main emphasis was placed on modifying a noncalcareous sediment with CaCO3 to approximate the composition of a calcareous sediment. Additionally, the effects of Ca2+, CO32-, Mg2+ and OH- were evaluated by using appropriate chemicals. Further, the effect of aluminum sulfate was evaluated with both sediment types. Sediment pH at 7 days was not affected by CaCO3, but was decreased by aluminum sulfate. The CaCO3 treatment increased the rate of ammonification, nitrification, reduction of acetylene to ethylene and methane formation, while with few exceptions the other treatments decreased the rate of the transformations studied. Aluminum sulfate, which has been proposed as a lake restoration treatment, increased ammonification but decreased most of the other transformations. 相似文献
46.
有机磷农药废水碱性水解生物处理技术 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文报道了碱性水解和生物氧化两步法,处理有机磷农药-乐果、甲胺磷生产废水的研究结果.废水经碱性水解后,COD和有机磷浓度基本不变,但可生化性有明显改善.在遵循常规生物处理必须满足的条件下,碱性废水进一步用间歇或连续活性污泥法处理.COD去除率90%左右,有机磷去除率85%以上,有机磷含量以毒性磷计小于0.5mg/L.深入考察了碱解剂种类、水溶液的pH和温度等各种因素对碱性水解的影响,结果表明:NaOH作碱解剂时的碱解速率比Ca(OH),提高28%;碱解速率随pH和温度的升高而增大,pH每增加一个单位,碱解速率增加2~11倍;温度每升高10℃,碱解速率增加2~5倍. 相似文献
47.
M. A. C. Veer 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1997,3(1):41-48
The encroachment of some tall grass species in open dune vegetation, as observed in a Dutch dry dune area, is considered unfavourable
from a conservation viewpoint. This paper investigates differences in vegetation and soil properties between grass-dominated
and still existing open dune grassland plots at four locations along the coast. Soil properties studied include nitrogen and
phosphorus pools and nitrogen availability by mineralization. Vegetation properties included are above and below-ground biomass
and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in above-ground biomass.
Systematic differences in N-pools between grass-dominated and open dune grassland plots were not observed. However, N-availability
by mineralization and its turnover rates are higher in grass-dominated plots than in open dune grassland plots, as well as
above and below-ground biomass. In open dune grassland plots, atmospheric N-input is an important source of N, whereas in
grass-dominated plots mineralization largely exceeds atmospheric N-input. However, these observations do not explain the mosaic-like
vegetation pattern. Grazing intensity is most likely the determinant factor in the dry dune system. It is concluded, that
grass encroachment is probably triggered by atmospheric deposition and is enhanced by positive feedbacks in the N-cycle. The
relevance of these results for restoration management is briefly discussed. 相似文献
48.
有机磷农药在土壤环境中的降解转化 总被引:19,自引:1,他引:19
有机磷农药是世界上应用最广泛的农药种类之一 ,它属于比较容易降解的、对环境污染较小的农药。从有机磷农药的性质出发 ,着重讨论了有机磷农药的水解、光解和微生物降解 ,这也是有机磷农药在土壤中的主要降解转化过程 相似文献
49.
二氧化钛纳米颗粒(TiO2NPs)的广泛应用使其环境释放量不断增加,从而影响到土壤氮的转化过程.然而,目前关于TiO2NPs对湖滨沼泽土壤氮矿化的影响机制尚不明确.因此,本研究以典型沼泽土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养实验研究不同剂量TiO2NPs处理(0 mg·kg-1(CK)、10 mg·kg-1(A10)、100 mg·kg-1(A100)、250 mg·kg-1(A250)、1000 mg·kg-1(A1000))对土壤理化性质、酶活性和氮矿化过程的影响,探讨TiO2NPs输入对土壤氮矿化过程影响的内在机制.结果表明:①不同剂量TiO2NPs处理显著降低了土壤pH和总有机碳(TOC)含量(p<0.05),A100、A250和A1000处理显著降低了硝态氮(NO3--N)含量(p<0.05).②A250和A1000处理显著抑制了过氧化氢酶活性(p<0.05);培养7 d,不同剂量TiO2NPs处理均显著促进了脲酶活性(p<0.05),抑制了脱氢酶活性(p<0.05);随着培养时间延长,TiO2NPs处理对脲酶和脱氢酶活性的抑制作用逐渐减弱,表明TiO2NPs的负面作用会随时间减弱.③不同剂量TiO2NPs处理对氨化速率没有显著影响(p>0.05),A250、A1000处理对硝化和矿化速率有显著抑制作用(p<0.01).④土壤氮矿化速率与土壤pH、总磷(TP)、NO3--N含量呈显著正相关,与脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关.TiO2NPs主要通过改变沼泽土壤NO3--N含量影响氮矿化过程.本研究可为湖滨湿地保护和TiO2NPs环境风险评估提供理论依据. 相似文献
50.
针对醇胺类吸收剂富液中CO_2的解吸及后续处置所存在的不足,提出一种新型解吸方案——钙法.通过CO_2负荷试验和Ca(OH)_2投加量试验确定了该法理想处理负荷为0.84 mol·L-1,理想投加比例为C∶Ca=1∶1(摩尔比),此条件下反应15 min和30 min的解吸率达到52.17%和55.02%,这表明钙法矿化解吸乙醇胺富液中CO_2是可行的.在此基础上,进一步研究了pH、温度和搅拌强度对CO_2解吸固定效果的影响.试验结果表明,CO_2解吸率随着pH和搅拌强度的增加而增大,但当pH和搅拌强度增大到一定程度后,解吸率增长放缓甚至出现下降.较高的解吸温度尽管解吸率更大,但高温条件下无法达到矿化固定CO_2的目的.CO_2二次吸收负荷试验表明经钙法解吸后的MEA再生液具有良好的可重复使用性. 相似文献