Effects of chaotic acclimation applied on performance of microbial fuel cells

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are one of the bioreactors that produce electrons by metabolizing substrate from microorganisms, and have the ability to both degrade waste solution and produce electrons. Recently, the activity of microorganisms has limited the power performance of MFCs. Chaos has been used to stimulate activity of microorganisms, but it has not been used previously in MFCs. In this study, three types of acclimations – native acclimation (NA), MFC acclimation (MFCA), and MFC embedded with chaotic electric field acclimation (CMFCA) – are applied to realize their performance and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in MFCs, respectively. Results show that the current density and the power density of CMFCA were improved by 1.33 and 1.25 times than MFCA, and the COD removal of CMFCA reached 85% after five days. In addition, the acclimation stage at the condition of CMFCA appeared after 10 days, but was not found for the MFCA system. These observations would provide positive information for improving the performance of MCFs in the future.     

劳动力外流与农村公共事务治理

新世纪以来,伴随着劳动力的大规模外流,农村公共事务治理呈现出集体经济困难、人居环境恶化和农田水利废弛等各个方面全面衰败的景象。灌溉作为农村典型的公共事务,对于从微观层面揭示劳动力大规模外流与农村公共事务治理衰败之间的因果关系具有代表性意义。关于劳动力流动对农村公共事务治理的影响,在已有的实证研究文献中鲜有讨论。本文基于2014年清华大学中国农村研究院对全国21个省份的调查数据,建立二元logistic回归模型,对1 507个农户的灌溉行为进行计量分析,发现农户家庭劳动力外流对农户参与集体灌溉具有显著的负面影响。这表明,在快速城镇化的过程中,劳动力外流为经济增长做出贡献的同时,也弱化了农村集体行动能力,对农村公共事务治理产生了显著负面影响。同时,计量结果表明:平原地区、水资源自然条件一般的村庄、耕地位于灌渠的中游、农户的承包地经营面积较大、农户的承包地块数较多、灌溉对农户家庭收入的重要性较大以及村庄对私自挖渠取水有惩罚措施等变量对农户参与集体灌溉有显著的正面影响;村庄位于城市郊区、地区经济发展水平较高和灌溉缺水历史等变量对农户参与集体灌溉有显著的负面影响;用水户协会的有无对农户是否参与集体灌溉没有显著的影响,原因是中国农村大多数用水户协会是行政力量推动下的产物,实际作用并不明显。上述结果表明:近20年来的大规模劳动力流动为中国经济高速增长做出贡献的同时,给农村公共事务的治理带来显著的不利影响。研究大规模劳动力流动背景下的农村公共事务挑战及其应对,具有重要的理论价值和实践意义,应作为未来重要的学术方向。由于农村劳动力外流是难以逆转的发展趋势,如何培育新的历史条件下的合作资源,实现农村社会有效的集体行动机制,是未来扭转农村公共事务治理衰败的关键。     

Determinants on Rural-Urban Labor Migration in China： Empirical Analysis on the Effect of Rural Cooperate Medical Insurance based on Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data

This paper studies factors influencing rural-urban labor migration in China,particularly the implementation of rural cooperative medical insurance(RCMI) in the year 2003.With the support of data analysis from the year 2000,2004 and 2006,clear linear correlations are found between gender,income,health condition and rural-urban labor flow,whereas the impact of education and employment status are more complicated.More importantly,results from regression show that the establishment of RCMI in countryside of China not only inhibits rural residents from seeking employment outside the village,but also pulls back rural people who have already worked in cities.When regional dimension is concerned,the pure composite effect of RCMI on rural labor flow is less significant in coastal areas with better economic performance and medical service.     

环境压力对细水雾喷雾特性影响的实验研究

雾滴的粒径分布、喷雾强度、雾滴动量及雾场的分布形式等喷雾特性,直接影响细水雾的灭火性能。本文通过研究压力漩流雾化实心锥及空心锥喷嘴在不同环境压力下的喷雾特性,揭示了环境压力对细水雾喷嘴流量系数及其雾场分布的影响规律。实验结果表明:环境压力越小,雾滴越向雾场锥面集中,雾场边缘区域的喷雾强度越大,而中心区域喷雾强度随之减小;环境压力对细水雾喷嘴流量系数则无明显影响。     

火灾下型钢混凝土异形柱温度场分析

为了分析型钢混凝土异形柱的耐火极限及火灾后的力学性能,为试验研究做好充分的前期准备,本文采用有限元分析软件ANSYS对型钢混凝土异形柱截面温度场进行数值模拟,得出了柱截面在不均匀受火情况下的温度场分布规律。结果表明,在两面受火的情况下,L形柱的凹角处的温升低于其它部位;由于型钢的存在,加快了柱截面内部温度的热传导;距离受火面相同的深度处的混凝土与型钢的温度不同,因此有必要研究损伤差异对承载力和两者粘结滑移造成的影响。     

生态田处理油田污水的探索与实践

生态田污水处理技术具有低投资、低能耗、低运行费用等诸多优点,结合油田所处的地理位置及实际生产情况,利用生态田天然植物的生物效能,对油田污水处理后用于植被灌溉,并且针对处理过程中存在的问题提出了工艺改造对策措施,最终实现净化污水的目的。     

Photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of quinclorac in ultrapure and paddy field water: identification of transformation products and pathways

Quinclorac (QNC) is an effective but rather persistent herbicide commonly used in rice production. This herbicide presents a mean persistence in the environment so its residues are considered of environmental relevance. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate its environmental behavior and degradation. In the present work, direct photolysis and TiO₂ photocatalysis of the target compound in ultrapure and paddy field water were investigated. After 10 h photolysis in ultrapure water, the concentration of QNC declined 26% and 54% at 250 and 700 W m⁻², respectively. However, the amount of quinclorac in paddy field water remained almost constant under the same irradiation conditions. QNC dissipated completely after 40 min of TiO₂ photocatalysis in ultrapure water, whereas 130 min were necessary to degrade 98% of the initial concentration in paddy field water.Possible QNC photolytic and photocatalytic degradation pathways are proposed after structure elucidation of the main transformation products, through liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and exact mass measurements. Pyridine ring hydroxylation at C-9 followed by ring opening and/or oxidative dechlorination were the key steps of QNC degradation.     

UV-Fenton催化氧化法对采油废水中多环芳烃的处理效果

针对采油废水中含有多环芳烃种类多且较难去除的特点,采用UV-Fenton技术对采油废水中多环芳烃的处理效果进行了研究,通过正交实验和单因素实验,研究了在254 nm波长紫外光照射下,Fe2+投加量、H2O2投加量、pH值和光照时间对水样中多环芳烃中的菲和芴处理效果的影响。实验结果显示,处理初始浓度为1 000μg/L的菲、芴时,反应的最佳工艺条件为:Fe2+浓度为1.8 mmol/L、H2O2投加量为0.15 mmol/L、pH值为4、光照时间1.25 h。在此条件下,菲和芴的去除率可达71.9%。     

交流变频磁化聚合硫酸铁混凝处理造纸废水

采用交流变频磁场预处理聚合硫酸铁(PFS),用于混凝处理造纸废水。考察了有无磁化作用、PFS加入量、磁化强度、磁化频率、磁化时间等因素对造纸废水的COD去除率和色度去除率的影响。实验结果表明:磁化PFS对造纸废水的处理效果较未磁化时明显提高;在PFS加入量为1 000 mg/L、磁化强度为6 mT、磁化频率为90 Hz、磁化时间为3 min的条件下,处理初始COD为650 mg/L、初始色度为180倍的造纸废水,COD去除率为93.22%,色度去除率为88.89%。     

湿式静电除尘器流场的数值模拟与优化设计

湿式静电除尘器流场的分布对烟气深度净化具有重要意义,采用CFD数值模拟方法对某项目600MW燃煤发电机组湿式静电除尘器的内部流场设计进行了研究分析。结果表明,流量分配和气流整流是内部流场的两个关键设计要点。有关流量分配的设计需在确保各电场流量分配均匀的同时不明显增加烟风系统阻力,而气流整流的设计方案可同时运用气流均布板和整流格栅,此设计方案不仅可降低整套整流方案的压损,还有利于整流方案的标准化设计和现场优化调整,提高装置可靠性。