FACTORS AFFECTING SALINITY REDUCTION IN LAKE TARPON,PINELLAS COUNTY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Following an enclosure of a sink-hole connecting Lake Tarpon to the Gulf of Mexico, the chloride concentration of lake waters decreased. Water and chloride budgets for the lake in 1975 were prepared, and predictions using the model of Lerman and Brunskill (1971) were made as to the time required for the lake to achieve fresh water status. Model verification indicated good agreement with predictions in 1976; however, data on [C1^-] for 1977 and 1978 are not as supportive of the model used. The information concerning the Lake Tarpon watershed provided by this latter fact is discussed.     

AN EXAMINATION OF LAND USE - NUTRIENT EXPORT RELATIONSHIPS1

ABSTRACT: Lake and watershed management strategies and recent environmental legislation dictate that nonpoht nutrient sources associated with storm water runoff must be assessed. Accordingly, a nutrient flu assessment for phosphorus and nitrogen is conducted through an extensive literature review of nutrient export studies. These studies are reevaluated. The nutrient export coefficients are screened according to sampling design criteria and compiled according to land use. The ecological mechanisms within each land use influencing the magnitude of nutrient flux are also discussed     

珠江口夏季有机碳的分布特征及其收支模拟研究

基于三维水质模型对珠江口夏季有机碳的分布特征及其收支进行了研究,量化了各动力学过程对有机碳分布的影响,这对于深入了解珠江口碳循环过程有重要意义.同时,采用2006年7—8月观测数据对模型进行了验证,结果显示模型模拟效果良好.研究表明,珠江口夏季有机碳呈明显的空间变化,其浓度总体上从口门向外海逐步降低,底层递减幅度大于表层;表层平均浓度为2.42 mg·L~(-1),底层平均浓度为1.91 mg·L~(-1).此外,有机碳在垂向上的分布与水体层化紧密相关,层化水域中的有机碳浓度随水深迅速下降,非层化水域上、下层的浓度差异不大.有机碳收支结果则表明,珠江口不同水域有机碳的物理、生化过程差异明显.在内伶仃洋,有机碳分布由物理过程主控,其主要来源与消耗分别为径流输送和沉降,两者分别约占该区域有机碳输入总量的83.80%、83.18%;在中伶仃洋,有机碳分布受物理和生化因素共同调控,其来源以生化产碳为主,动力输送为辅,主要耗碳项为沉降;在外伶仃洋,其西侧水域的有机碳主要来源与消耗分别为径流输送和沉降,有机碳分布受物理和生化过程共同调控,其中,物理过程占优势,而在其东侧水域,有机碳主要来源与消耗分别为生化产碳和生化耗碳,有机碳分布由生化过程主控.另外,捕食产碳和氧化耗碳分别是珠江口各生化过程中最重要的产、耗碳过程.     

Insights into multidimensional transport flux from vertical observation and numerical simulation in two cities in North China

This study represents the first quantitative evaluation of pollution transport budget within the boundary layer of typical cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from the perspective of horizontal and vertical exchanges and further discusses the impact of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)-free troposphere (FT) exchange on concentration of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) within the ABL during heavy pollution. From the perspective of the transport flux balance relationship, differences in pollution transport characteristics between the two cities is mainly reflected in the ABL-FT exchange effect. The FT mainly flowed into the ABL in BJ, while in SJZ, the outflow from the ABL to the FT was more intense. Combined with an analysis of vertical wind profile distribution, BJ was found to be more susceptible to the influence of northwest cold high prevailing in winter, while sinking of strong cold air allowed the FT flowing into the ABL influence the vertical exchange over BJ. In addition, we selected a typical pollution event for targeted analysis to understand mechanistic details of the influence of ABL-FT exchange on the pollution event. These results showed that ABL-FT interaction played an important role in PM_2.5 concentration within the ABL during heavy pollution. Especially in the early stage of heavy pollution, FT transport contributed as much as 82.74% of PM_2.5 within the ABL. These findings are significant for improving our understanding of pollution transport characteristics within the boundary layer and the effect of ABL-FT exchange on air quality.     

不同行业减排对我国东部地区空气质量及大气温度的影响

未来我国减排政策更加关注对大气污染和大气增温的协同控制效果,但不同行业减排对空气质量改善和大气温度的影响不同.利用双向耦合的空气质量模型WRF-Chem,通过多组敏感性试验量化各部门人为源（工业源、居民源、交通源、火电厂和农业源）减排对2016年9月我国东部地区空气质量和大气温度的影响.结果表明,工业源、居民源、交通源、火电厂和农业源减排均能有效改善空气质量,PM_2.5浓度分别下降33.9%、9.6%、15.8%、10.8%和26.7%,但减弱的气溶胶-辐射相互作用使地表层获得更多能量,进而增加近地面气温0.04、0.03、0.01、0.03和0.09℃.在大气层顶,工业源、居民源、交通源和火电厂减排分别导致净辐射通量下降0.3、0.8、0.7和0.1 W·m^-2;而农业源减排则引起大气层顶净辐射通量增加0.8 W·m^-2.一方面,减排农业源导致散射性气溶胶下降进而引起净辐射增加;另一方面,减排农业源不会导致吸收性气溶胶（黑碳）下降,不能抵消散射性气溶胶下降引起的辐射增加.因此,减排农业源会导致大气层顶净辐射通量增加,同时近地面温度增加也最为显著.未来需要特别关注的是,尽管控制农业源排放会带来显著的空气质量改善,但同时会带来不利的显著增温后果.     

三峡消落带沉积物-大气界面汞交换通量及其影响因素

应用动力通量箱(Dynamic Flux Chamber,DFC)与高时间分辨率的RA-915+自动汞分析仪联用技术,在消落带沉积物出露期,野外现场监测沉积物-大气界面汞交换通量,同时对其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:三峡库区消落带沉积物-大气界面汞交换通量范围为-6.80±12.35~28.17±36.17 ng/(m2·h)晴天库区消落带沉积物-大气界面汞交换通量表现出相同的变化趋势,即从早晨开始沉积物-大气界面汞的交换通量逐渐增加,到正午左右达到峰值,之后交换通量逐渐减小,但阴天这一趋势不明显。暖季白天沉积物-大气界面汞交换通量都以释放为主,冷季白天则以沉降为主。暖季晴天,沉积物-大气汞交换通量与气温、沉积物温度、光照强度呈显著正相关关系,与相对湿度呈显著负相关关系。无论晴天还是阴天,大气汞浓度都与沉积物-大气汞交换通量呈负相关关系。白天,光照强度和大气汞浓度是影响消落带沉积物/大气界面汞交换通量的主要因素,而在夜间,沉积物温度和大气汞浓度是其主要影响因素。     

亚热带稻田生态系统CO2通量的季节变化特征

为估算和评价稻田生态系统碳源/汇强度及其对大气CO₂浓度变化的贡献,研究了稻田生态系统与大气间CO₂交换通量的季节变化特征及其影响因素.采用涡度相关技术对我国亚热带稻田生态系统CO₂交换通量进行了连续监测,在数据剔除、校正和差补的基础上,对瞬时CO₂通量值进行计算求得日CO₂通量值和年CO₂通量值,并对CO₂通量季节变化及其与主要气象因子的关系进行了探讨.结果表明,稻田生态系统光合吸收CO₂通量（GPP）、呼吸排放CO₂通量（R_eco）和净吸收CO₂通量（NEE）的季节变化均呈6～9月较高,1～5月和10～12月较低的对称分布.其中5～9月水稻生长时期的NEE总量占年总量的80%以上,对年NEE总量起决定性作用.光合有效辐射（PAR）和日平均气温（T_a）是GPP与NEE季节变化的最主要影响因子,二者与GPP和NEE分别存在显著的二元线性关系.年净吸收CO₂总量为2?475.6 g/(m²·a),这表明我国亚热带稻田生态系统是大气CO₂的汇.     

春季黄海与渤海一氧化碳的浓度分布、海-气通量和光生产的研究

在春季开展了黄海与渤海表层海水和上方大气中CO的浓度分布、海-气通量和表层海水中CO的光化学生产的研究.用顶空分析法测得表层海水中CO的浓度（[CO]surf）为（0.19～3.57）nmol.L-1,平均值为1.24 nmol.L-1（SD=0.79,n=69）;总体来看,[CO]surf的分布呈现出近岸高、远海低的...     

青海湖高寒湿地生态系统夏季CO2通量日变化及其影响因子研究

利用涡度相关技术对青海湖高寒湿地生态系统夏季CO２通量日变化特征进行分析,并且结合气象观测数据对CO２通量日变化的影响因子进行探讨。结果表明,青海湖高寒湿地生态系统夏季CO２通量日变化呈“U”字型,白天8：00—20：00 CO２通量值为负,其他时间为正,最低值出现在12：30,为-15.34 μmol·m-2·s-1。CO２通量日平均值为-3.65 μmol·m-2·s-1（约-13.87 g·m-2·d-1）,表现为明显的CO２吸收,是重要的碳汇。CO２通量与净辐射、气温和表层土壤温度的相关性分析表明,净辐射是影响青海湖高寒湿地生态系统夏季CO２通量日变化的主要因子,气温次之,表层土壤温度对CO２通量的影响最小。采用多元回归分析得出CO２通量与各个影响因子之间的关系符合三元一次线性回归方程,R2=0.689,且达到极显著水平（P〈0.01）。     

河口盐沼植物分布对有效光合辐射的响应

对东滩植被带光量子通量密度的调查研究表明:互花米草带与海三棱藨草带光量子通量密度没有显著性差异,其值分别为1 570和1 556μmol/(m2·s)。光照对两物种的生长、繁殖等植物行为的影响只取决于其对光照的利用能力和效率;在互花米草和海三棱藨草混生带,到达互花米草和海三棱藨草的光量子通量密度之间存在显著差异(P0.05),互花米草对海三棱藨草的遮荫效应达63%,表明互花米草对海三棱藨草具有强的遮荫作用。光照不足严重影响海三棱藨草的生长,在混生带,海三棱藨草生长速率降低,种群密度和生物量减少,植株高度增加。因此,互花米草对海三棱藨草的遮荫作用,抑制了海三棱藨草在中潮滩的更新过程,因而也是造成海三棱藨草生境丧失的重要原因之一。