河西走廊水资源供需平衡及其对农业发展的承载潜力

河西走廊是甘肃省主要经济地区之一,河西走廊未来的经济发展规模在很大程度上取决于本地区水资源的承载能力。本文在水量平衡原理的基础上,对河西走廊水资源的供需平衡和水土资源平衡状况以及水资源对农业发展的承载潜力进行了分析计算,并建立了相应的数学模型,指出了河西走廊水资源的潜力巨大,只有在发展节水型农业和水资源合理、高效利用的条件下才能提高农业用水的承载潜力。     

排水速率对潮汐流人工湿地中CANON作用的强化

为强化潮汐流人工湿地（TFCW）中基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮（CANON）作用,探究了不同排水速率（v_d）下系统中氮素的迁移转化机制与微生物特征.结果表明,v_d可显著影响TFCW中脱氮功能微生物的数量与活性,进而影响其氮素转化速率.当v_d由1.00降至0.50L/min时,填料层中逐渐形成较为严格的限氧环境,有利于短程硝化的稳定和厌氧氨氧化菌的富集,进而有助于CANON反应体系在TFCW中形成.而当v_d小于0.50L/min时,填料层中溶解氧相对不足,好氧氨氧化菌活性受到抑制,数量随之减少,CANON作用的强化效果有限,系统脱氮性能受到影响.当v_d为0.50L/min时,TFCW中的CANON作用可得到最大限度的强化,系统脱氮性能达到最佳,其TN和NH₄⁺-N的去除负荷分别为（116.79±13.16）和（102.75±4.35） mg/（L·d）.对v_d的合理设置可实现TFCW中CANON作用的强化,有利于CANON型人工湿地的构建.     

国际粮食贸易背景下的市场整合与虚拟资源流动——以中国巴基斯坦大米市场为例

贸易自由化和区域经济一体化不仅会通过比较优势整合市场、提升效率,还会带来农产品贸易中虚拟资源的流动。以中国—巴基斯坦大米贸易为研究对象,使用两国大米贸易数据,首先检验中巴粮食市场整合程度,其次分析中巴大米贸易带来的虚拟水和虚拟土地的流动。结果表明：（1）中巴之间大米市场已经高度整合,且价格存在长期均衡,但巴基斯坦大米价格比中国波动大,其对中国大米的价格弹性为1.097;“一带一路”倡议带来了巴方大米价格7.8%的下降,增加了穷人的福利。（2）贸易带来了虚拟水土资源的流动。中国累计从巴基斯坦净进口大米354万t,相当于净进口国内52万hm²、巴基斯坦96.4万hm²耕地,以及国内34.4亿t、巴基斯坦101.7亿t水资源。中国应加大技术支持和扩散的力度,具有促进粮食安全,节约全球资源的意义。     

电厂山区性河流取水工程安全设计分析

通过对代表性山区河流电厂的取水工程安全实例分析 ,根据取水方式不同 ,建议应采取的措施分为 :直接在天然河道上布置取水构筑物时 ,取水头部上下端加设三角形挡沙板 ,取水口上游设导沙丁坝 ,抬高取水头高程和进水底槛高程 ,并且可考虑设置两套取水系统 ,枯水期直接利用河道取水头取水 ,洪水期从移动式泵车取水 ;在河道上设置拦河低坝取水时 ,必须设置配套取水防沙设施 ,如排沙闸或冲沙闸 ,进水闸前设导沙坝 ,冲刷闸前设导沙坎 ,泄洪闸前设冲沙廊道和导流堤 ,还可在河道上设置潜水丁坝等。     

试论东汉以后黄河下游长期安流之原因

认为东汉王景治河后500多年黄河下游决溢次数、规模均逊于西汉时期及唐以后各代,主河道变迁亦少,可谓相对安流。其原因在于王景能根据河流规律,因势利导,扩大了黄河行洪能力,巩固了河堤,河道较为顺直;在王景之后,政府的治河机构进一步加强,巩固河堤的工作得以继续进行;相对西汉时期,这一时期气候寒冷,黄河年径流量大为减少,消弱了致灾因子;黄河中游地区植被得到一定程度的恢复。     

Basic hydrologic studies for assessing impacts of flow diversions on riparian vegetation: Examples from streams of the eastern Sierra Nevada,California, USA

As the number of proposals to divert streamflow for power production has increased in recent years, interest has grown in predicting the impacts of flow reductions on riparian vegetation. Because the extent and density of riparian vegetation depend largely on local geomorphic and hydrologic setting, site-specific geomorphic and hydrologic information is needed. This article describes methods for collecting relevant hydrologic data, and reports the results of such studies on seven stream reaches proposed for hydroelectric development in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. The methods described are: (a) preparing geomorphic maps from aerial photographs, (b) using well level records to evaluate the influence of streamflow on the riparian water table, (c) taking synoptic flow measurements to identify gaining and losing reaches, and (d) analyzing flow records from an upstream-downstream pair of gages to document seasonal variations in downstream flow losses. In the eastern Sierra Nevada, the geomorphic influences on hydrology and riparian vegetation were pronounced. For example, in a large, U-shaped glacial valley, the width of the riparian strip was highly variable along the study reach and was related to geomorphic controls, whereas the study reaches on alluvial fan deposits had relatively uniform geomorphology and riparian strip width. Flow losses of 20% were typical over reaches on alluvial fans. In a mountain valley, however, one stream gained up to 275% from geomorphically controlled groundwater contributions.     

Associations between stream valley geomorphology and riparian vegetation as a basis for landscape analysis in the eastern Sierra Nevada,California, USA

Ten streams in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, were classified into six geomorphic valley types and sampled to determine environmental and riparian vegetation conditions. The geomorphic valley types were relatively uniform geologically and hydrologically, collectively representing the range of stream environments in the region. There were significant associations between the geomorphic valley types and riparian community composition. These geomorphic-vegetation units are landscape elements which comprise the riparian ecosystems in the region. They differ in their ecological charactersitics and sensitivity to management. The system of landscape elements can be used to classify streams for the purposes of resource inventory, detailed ecological studies, and impact prediction.