紫外光B辐射对水稻生长和生长素水平影响的初步研究

2个水稻品种IR68和Dular生长在室外条件下，在以自然条件、13．0和19．1kJ·m－2．d－1（分别模拟臭氧浓度下降20％和40％时的UV－B强度）的紫外光B（UV－B280～320um）进行2和4wk的照射处理，以研究UV-B对水稻生长的影响．结果表明：UV-B强度增加能使2个水稻品种的株高、叶面积和叶m（DW）下降，而对分蘖数没有影响；随着UV-B处理强度的增加，IR68和Dular叶片IAA含量显著下降．在4wk处理的条件下．19．1kJ·m-2·d－1的UV-B使IR68和Dular叶片的IAA含量分别下降了48．7％和46．2％．值得注意的是．UV-B处理提高了2个水稻品种叶片内的IAA氧化酶的活性．初步推测UV-B使水稻叶片IAA氧化酶活性提高导致IAA含量的下降．从而抑制了水稻的生长．     

芹菜赖氨酸加苏氨酸抗性细胞系的选择

用４ｍｍｏｌ－／Ｌ浓度的赖氨酸加苏氨酸作为选择压，经相同浓度液体和固体选择培养基连续选择，从未经诱变处理的芹菜胚性愈伤组织筛选出一个稳定的赖氨酸加苏氨酸抗性细胞系并得到再生植株。抗性细胞系再生植株整株的氨基酸含量比对照组植株高１０倍左右。但是地上部分氨基酸含量，抗性细胞系再生植株比对照植株有所降低。两种植株叶片的细胞色素氧化酶同工酶谱有明显差异，抗性细胞系再生植株有４条谱带，而对照植株只有两条谱带     

羟胺对厌氧氨氧化污泥群落的影响

目前,由于厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)过程具有高效率、低能耗和污泥量少的优点,在污水除氮方面具有广阔的应用前景.羟胺既是厌氧氨氧化代谢的中间产物,同时也是一种抑制剂,但是目前关于厌氧氨氧化细菌颗粒如何应对羟胺的压力还没有很好的解释.通过羟胺批次添加实验,发现在投加不同浓度的羟胺情况下(40～80mg·L~(-1)),厌氧氨氧化的反应活性受到了抑制作用,但是无法判断厌氧氨氧化细菌对羟胺的耐受阈值.然后基于实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)技术检测了不同反应器内肼氧化酶(HZO)的mRNA的表达量,发现HZO酶的表达量随着羟胺浓度的增加出现先升高后降低的趋势,由此本研究推测相对于3.12g·L~(-1)的厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,其承受的羟胺浓度(以N计)阈值介于60～70mg·L~(-1).同时利用16S rRNA高通量测序的方法对反应器内的颗粒污泥微生物结构与功能进行分析,发现投加适量的羟胺(50mg·L~(-1))有助于增强颗粒污泥中细菌的细胞运动性,促进厌氧氨氧化细菌的组成,提供一个更佳的生态平衡.     

Chronic inhalation effects of trichloroethylene on hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system in rats

Inhalation effects of trichloroethylene, at levels of 0, 200 and 600 ppm for a period of 4 and 12 weeks, on the contents of hepatic microsomal protein, cytochrome P₄₅₀, cytochrome b₅, and on the activities of NADPH cytochrome C reductase, aminopyrine N‐demethylase and aniline hydroxylase were investigated. Body weight remained unaltered at 200 ppm level, whereas at 600 ppm level a significant decrease in body weight was observed. Liver weight showed increases at an exposure level of 200 ppm by the end of 4 and 12 weeks. Relative liver weight (% body weight) showed an increase at 200 and 600 ppm level by the end of week 4, whereas, after 12 weeks increase was observed only in animals exposed to the 600 ppm level. Hepatic microsomal protein was decreased by the end of 4 weeks at both the exposure levels. Cytochrome P₄₅₀ and cytochrome b, contents were increased at the 200ppm level after 4 and 12 weeks. NADPH cytochrome C reductase activity showed a marked increase at both the 200 and 600 ppm levels after 4 and 12 weeks. Aminopyrine N‐demethylase activity was increased at the 200 ppm level and decreased at the 600 ppm level by the end of 4 weeks, whereas, at the end of 12 weeks the aminopyrine N‐demethylase activity was near control values. Aniline hydroxylase activity was increased at the 200 ppm level after 4 and 12 weeks. Similarly, at the 600 ppm level aniline hydroxylase activity was increased after 12 weeks.     

填埋场中多酚氧化酶活性测定条件优化

以填埋场垃圾为研究对象,在土壤酶测定方法为基础上,对垃圾降解过程中多酚氧化酶活性测定方法进行优化.通过单因素实验和正交实验确定最优反应条件,并验证其精确度及稳定性.最终确定垃圾降解过程中多酚氧化酶活性测定的最优条件为基质取用10 mL、反应温度为30℃、缓冲液为8mL、反应时间为1.5h、萃取剂量为20 mL、萃取时间为50 min,且优化后测定条件实验结果的RSD小于2.22％,测定结果较传统方法提高了41％ ～ 90％,说明优化后结果准确可靠,为垃圾中多酚氧化酶的活性测定提供了新的方法基础.     

黄曲霉A5p1脱色类黑精及其机理初探:葡萄糖氧化酶的作用

类黑精是一种高分子难降解色素污染物质,在糖蜜酒精废水中大量存在.选取在前期研究中对糖蜜酒精废水具有较好脱色作用的黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)A5p1(保藏号CGMCC.4292),以合成的类黑精为对象研究脱色机理,试图为实际废水的生物脱色提供理论基础.结果显示,此菌株对合成类黑精具有生物吸附和生物降解的双重作用,以后者为主,最高脱色率可达65%.相较于漆酶、依赖/不依赖于锰的过氧化物酶等常规氧化脱色酶,此菌株中的产过氧化氢酶对脱色起主要作用,而且脱色过程中作为产过氧化氢酶之一的葡萄糖氧化酶与类黑精脱色率之间存在着一定的正相关性.添加葡萄糖氧化酶激活剂和抑制剂进行验证,发现葡萄糖氧化酶酶活力、过氧化氢产量和脱色率三者之间呈相关性变化.初步推测,葡萄糖氧化酶是黄曲霉A5p1生物降解脱色类黑精的关键酶之一.     

Ozone affects pollen viability and NAD(P)H oxidase release from Ambrosia artemisiifolia pollen

Air pollution is frequently proposed as a cause of the increased incidence of allergy in industrialised countries. We investigated the impact of ozone (O₃) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and allergen content of ragweed pollen (Ambrosia artemisiifolia). Pollen was exposed to acute O₃ fumigation, with analysis of pollen viability, ROS and nitric oxide (NO) content, activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD[P]H) oxidase, and expression of major allergens. There was decreased pollen viability after O₃ fumigation, which indicates damage to the pollen membrane system, although the ROS and NO contents were not changed or were only slightly induced, respectively. Ozone exposure induced a significant enhancement of the ROS-generating enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase. The expression of the allergen Amb a 1 was not affected by O₃, determined from the mRNA levels of the major allergens. We conclude that O₃ can increase ragweed pollen allergenicity through stimulation of ROS-generating NAD(P)H oxidase.     

Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency: mutation analysis and DNA-based prenatal diagnosis

Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency is an autosomal recessive, neurological disorder resulting from a defect in SUOX, the gene encoding the enzyme that catalyzes the terminal reaction in the sulfur amino acid degradation pathway. In its classical, severe form, sulfite oxidase deficiency leads to intractable seizures, severe and progressive brain pathology and death at an early age. We report here on clinical features and mutational analysis of the genetic defect in a newborn with sulfite oxidase deficiency. Cultured fibroblasts from this patient exhibited no detectable sulfite oxidase activity, and a unique four base pair deletion was present in the cDNA isolated from the same source. Identification of the same genetic defect in a heterozygous state in each of the parents and the monitoring of subsequent pregnancies in this family by DNA-based prenatal diagnosis are also described. The deletion mutation was identified in a homozygous state in uncultured chorionic villus tissue from the second pregnancy that was subsequently terminated. In the third pregnancy, the presence of sulfite oxidase activity and identification of the mutation in a heterozygous state suggested that the fetus was not affected. This pregnancy resulted in the birth of a normal child. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using DNA barcoding to track seafood mislabeling in Los Angeles restaurants

Seafood mislabeling is common in both domestic and international markets. Studies on seafood fraud often report high rates of mislabeling (e.g., >70%), but these studies have been limited to a single sampling year, which means it is difficult to assess the impact of stricter governmental truth‐in‐labeling regulations. We used DNA barcoding to assess seafood labeling in 26 sushi restaurants in Los Angeles over 4 years. Seafood from 3 high‐end grocery stores were also sampled (n = 16) in 2014. We ordered 9 common sushi fish from menus, preserved tissue samples in 95% ethanol, extracted the genomic DNA, amplified and sequenced a portion of the mtDNA COI gene, and identified the resulting sequence to known fish sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information nucleotide database. We compared DNA results with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) list of acceptable market names and retail names. We considered sushi‐sample labels that were inconsistent with FDA names mislabeled. Sushi restaurants had a consistently high percentage of mislabeling (47%; 151 of 323) from 2012 to 2015, yet mislabeling was not homogenous across species. Halibut, red snapper, yellowfin tuna, and yellowtail had consistently high (<77%) occurrences of mislabeling on menus, whereas mislabeling of salmon and mackerel were typically low (>15%). All sampled sushi restaurants had at least one case of mislabeling. Mislabeling of sushi‐grade fish from high‐end grocery stores was also identified in red snapper, yellowfin tuna, and yellowtail, but at a slightly lower frequency (42%) than sushi restaurants. Despite increased regulatory measures and media attention, we found seafood mislabeling continues to be prevalent.     

绿脓菌素促进铜绿假单胞菌NY3降解烃的作用机制

绿脓菌素（Pyo）的分泌是铜绿假单胞菌NY3最为显著的特征之一,前期实验观察到该菌降解烃时,Pyo分泌量常与烃的降解效率成正相关性,但其在污染物降解中的作用尚未受到关注,且机制不清楚.以共存戊二酸为高分泌Pyo的体系和试剂级Pyo标准物为基础,研究了NY3菌降解烃时,Pyo对细胞内氧化还原酶及其比酶活力和胞外电子传递速率等因素的影响作用.结果表明,戊二酸能够明显提高Pyo的分泌量,相较于无戊二酸体系提高了86.6%,且随Pyo分泌量增加,NY3菌对十六烷去除率增加了16.29%;NY3菌分泌Pyo有利于提高其胞内烷烃氧化酶的活力,在菌体生长至72h、Pyo投加量分别为200,300μL时,相较于未投加Pyo体系,烷烃氧化酶比活力分别提高了121.8%和346.5%.同时Pyo存在下将胞外电子传递速率提高了近7倍,从而增加其对十六烷的降解速率.NY3菌分泌Pyo能通过提高胞内酶活性和胞外电子传递速率而促进NY3菌降解十六烷.