工伤保险费率机制设计的探析

目前我国工伤保险覆盖面窄的主要原因是现有的工伤保险费率机制存在问题,缺乏激励作用.本文以传统的激励理论为依据,分析指出要达到扩大工伤保险覆盖面的目的,应该是设计科学、合理的工伤保险费率机制去激励企业主动参加工伤保险和加强工伤预防.     

非法用工单位伤亡人员一次性赔偿程序的探讨

2004年1月1日生效的《工伤保险条例》规定了非法用工单位向伤亡人员赔偿的标准和争议解决的程序，但是非法用工单位不属于法律上合法的主体，劳动仲裁机关和法院不能对不存在的主体作出裁定和判决，就算作出裁判，也不可能得到执行，从而使得该条例规定的对非法用工单位伤亡人员的赔偿成为一纸空文。为此，笔者从劳动争议和诉讼主体认定，程序保障和伤亡人员及时得到救助三个方面提出建议，以确保条例得到执行。     

Possibilities of kinesio taping to prevent injuries of professional dancers

A literature review of the application of kinesio taping in the prevention of professional dancers’ injuries indicated frequent dance-related and overuse injuries and a lack of organized information about this issue. This study aimed to assess the impact of kinesio taping on the musculoskeletal system of dancers, based on scientific research data from 2015–2017. The analysis revealed that kinesio taping can effectively reduce muscle spasms, rebuild muscle strength of the injured extremity, improve static and dynamic balance and ease pain, due to its ability to improve proprioception of joints and regulate muscle tone. These effects reduce muscle imbalance and joint instability, thus increasing treatment efficacy and shortening the physical load limitation. Kinesio taping significantly reduces the risk of overuse syndromes and dance-related injuries during dance training and strenuous exercises of people with chronic musculoskeletal diseases. Therefore, kinesio taping has broad utility in primary and secondary prevention of dance-related injuries.     

Trauma demography and clinical epidemiology of motorcycle crash–related head injury in a neurosurgery practice in an African developing country

Objective: Though motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) were the main cause of head trauma from road traffic injuries (RTIs), motorcycle crashes (MCCs) are now a major cause of RTI-related head injury (HI) in many developing countries.

Methods: Using a prospective database of HIs from a neurosurgical practice in a sub-Saharan African developing country, a cross-sectional survey was conducted for the trauma demography and clinical epidemiology of this MCC-related HI.

Results: Motorcycle crashes accounted for 57% (473/833) of all RTI-related HIs in this registry. The victims, with a mean age of 33.1 years (SD = 18.3), consisted mainly of males (83.1%), those of low socioeconomic status (>90%), and those aged between 20 and 40 years old (56%). MCCs involved only riders in 114 cases (114/473, 32.1%), of which 69% were motorcycle–motorcycle crashes. The HI was moderate–severe in 50.8%; clinical symptomatology of significant HI included loss of consciousness (92%), anisocoria (35%), Abbreviated Injury Scale head (AIS–head) score > 3 (28%), and CT-Rotterdam score > 3 (30%). Extracranial systemic injury involved the limbs most frequently, with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) >25 in 49%. The fatality rate was 24%.

MCC-related HI among pedestrian victims involved more vulnerable age groups (the young and elderly) but have lower mean ISS compared to motorcycle passengers (mean ISS = 23.5 [11.6] vs. 27.4 [13.0]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–6.49; P = .004). In addition, compared to a contemporary cohort of MVC-related HIs in our registry, MCC victims were older (mean age 34.8 years [18.0] vs. 30.8 [18.4]; P = .002); had higher proportions of certain extracranial trauma like long bone fractures (71 vs. 29%; P = .02); and suffered fewer surgical brain lesions (25.5 vs. 17.2%; P = .004).

Conclusions: Motorcycle crashes are now a significant threat to the heads, limbs, and lives of vulnerable road users in developing countries.     

OSHA职业伤害与疾病记录和报告机制简介

介绍了OSHA《记录和报告职业伤害与疾病》法规的主要内容,分析了中国引入该法规的益处。     

基于人体皮肤热模型的热防护服评价方法研究

在热防护服热防护性能测试装置基础上,用自行研制的新型耐高温模拟皮肤传感器代替铜片热流计测量通过应急热防护服装面料的热流量,将热流量作为热波皮肤模型边界条件,得到人体皮肤表层下80μm处的温度值,从而得到一定条件下人体真实皮肤达到二级烧伤所需时间,用其评价热防护服用织物的热防护性能,并将热波皮肤模型(TWMBT)的测试值与Pennes模型以及铜片热流计的测试结果进行分析比较。采用热波皮肤模型分析织物层下的"皮肤"防热时间更接近实际皮肤达到二级烧伤时间值,可较为精确的量化织物热防护性能,为应急救援热防护服装的热设计提供理论依据。     

Pedestrian fatalities, Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area and United States, 2000-2004

Motor vehicle crashes killed almost 5,000 pedestrians in 2005 in the United States. Pedestrian risk may be higher in areas characterized by urban sprawl. From 2000 to 2004, pedestrian fatality rates declined in the United States, but the Atlanta metropolitan statistical area did not experience the same decline. Pedestrian fatality rates for males, Hispanics, and the 15–34 and 35–54 year age groups were higher in Atlanta than in the United States overall. Pedestrian safety interventions should be targeted to high-risk populations and localized pedestrian settings.     

2014年APEC期间北京市PM10和PM2.5氧化性损伤能力研究

为评估APEC会议期间联防联控措施对北京市大气可吸入颗粒物毒性的影响,采集2014年APEC会议前后3个月北京市大气PM₁₀和PM_2.5样品,应用质粒DNA损伤评价法来研究其氧化性损伤能力. 结果表明,APEC会议期间PM₁₀对DNA的损伤率高于PM_2.5,颗粒物对 DNA损伤率随剂量的增加而增加. 本研究用TD30值来指示颗粒物氧化性损伤能力,TD30为引起30%的DNA损伤率所需要的颗粒物剂量（单位为 μg·mL^-1）,TD30值越低,颗粒物氧化性损伤能力越强,APEC会议前后样品的TD30值表现为 APEC期间（11月）>APEC前（10月）>APEC后（12月）,说明氧化能力APEC后 >APEC前 >APEC期间. 用PM₁₀质量浓度乘上其在250 μg·mL^-1 剂量下的DNA损伤率得到颗粒物暴露毒性指数TI（toxic index）,与往年具有代表性月份样品的数据对比,TI大小顺序为2004年 >2014年 >2008年,说明大气中颗粒物暴露毒性随着政策控制力度的加大而降低.     

乌鲁木齐大气PM2.5对质粒DNA的损伤研究

2012年1月~2012年12月采集乌鲁木齐大气PM2.5样品,使用质粒DNA评价法研究了不同季节PM2.5的氧化能力,并进行氧化性毒性与相应气象因素和质量浓度之间的相关性研究.结果表明,乌鲁木齐大气PM2.5的质量浓度具有冬季最高,春季和秋季次之,夏季最低的季节性变化特征;PM2.5全样和水溶部分氧化能力的季节差异较大,对质粒DNA的氧化性损伤具有冬季最大,春季和夏季之次,秋季最低.冬、春、夏、秋季大气PM2.5全样的TD30(PM2.5对质粒DNA造成破坏达到30%所需要的颗粒物的剂量)平均值分别为440,491,503,515μg/mL,水溶部分分别为474,721,666,600μg/mL.绝大部分PM2.5样品全样的TD30值均小于水溶部分样,表明全样的毒性大于相应的水溶部分样.全样TD30值与平均温度显著(P<0.05)正相关,表明寒冷的天气/季节可能造成PM2.5的高毒性.水溶样TD30值与风速显著(P<0.01)正相关,与相对湿度显著负相关.这表明,高的风速和低的相对湿度可能跟较低和较高的PM2.5的毒性有关.PM2.5氧化性损伤能力的大小与其质量浓度之间的相关性不明显,表明仅以颗粒物的质量浓度来评价大气颗粒物氧化性损伤能力大小的方法并不能真实地反映其对人体健康的危害程度,起决定作用的还是颗粒物的化学组成及其表面吸附的有害成分.     

Primary neuronal-astrocytic co-culture platform for neurotoxicity assessment of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Plastics such as polyvinyl chlorides （PVC） are widely used in many indoor constructed environments; however, their unbound chemicals, such as di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalates （DEHP）, can leach into the surrounding environment. This study focused on DEHP＇s effect on the central nervous system by determining the precise DEHP content in mice brain tissue after exposure to the chemical, to evaluate the specific exposure range. Primary neuronal-astrocyte co-culture systems were used as in vitro models for chemical hazard identification of DEHP. Oxidative stress was hypothesized as a probable mechanism involved, and therefore the total reactive oxygen species （ROS） concentration was determined as a biomarker of oxidative stress. In addition, NeuriteTracer, a neurite tracing plugin with ImageJ, was used to develop an assay for neurotoxicity to provide quantitative measurements of neurological parameters, such as neuronal number, neuron count and neurite length, all of which could indicate neurotoxic effects. The results showed that with 1 nmol/L DEHP exposure, there was a significant increase in ROS concentrations, indicating that the neuronal-astrocyte cultures were injured due to exposure to DEHP. In response, astrocyte proliferation （gliosis） was initiated, serving as a mechanism to maintain a homeostatic environment for neurons and protect neurons from toxic chemicals. There is a need to assess the cumulative effects of DEHP in animals to evaluate the possible uotake and effects on the human neuronal system from exoosure to DEHP in the indoor environment.