纳米二氧化钛对肺部损伤研究进展

随着纳米技术的不断发展,纳米材料被广泛地应用于工业、农业、食品和医药卫生等领域.一些原本无毒或低毒的材料,当粒径达到纳米级时,毒性明显增强.纳米二氧化钛广泛应用于化妆品和工业产品中,它对生物系统的影响受到了世界广泛的关注.目前就纳米二氧化钛整体和体外生物效应或安全性已经进行了大量的研究.本文围绕纳米二氧化钛对肺部损伤的研究进展及挑战进行综述.认为纳米二氧化钛粒径与损伤之间的关系还不十分明确,今后还需进一步探索纳米材料与生物分子、细胞的相互作用及其过程.     

Integrated pedestrian countermeasures - Potential of head injury reduction combining passive and active countermeasures

A rapid development of both pedestrian passive and active safety, such as pedestrian bonnets/airbags and autonomous braking, is in progress. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential pedestrian head injury reduction from hypothetical passive and active countermeasures compared to an integrated system. The German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) database was queried from 1999 to 2008 for severely (AIS3+) head injured pedestrians when struck by car or van fronts. This, resulted in 54 cases where information was sufficient. The passive countermeasure was designed to mitigate head injuries caused by the bonnet area, A-pillars, and the remaining windscreen area up to 2.1 m wrap around distance (WAD). The active countermeasure was an autonomous braking system, which was activated one second prior to impact if the pedestrian was visible to a forward-looking sensor. The integrated system was a direct combination of the passive and active countermeasures. Case by case the effect from each of the active, passive and integrated systems was estimated. For the integrated system, the influence of the active system on the passive system performance was explicitly modeled in each case. The integrated system resulted in 50% (95% confidence interval: 30-70%) greater effectiveness than the active countermeasure in reducing the number of pedestrians sustaining severe (AIS3+) head injuries, and 90% (95% CI: 50-150%) greater effectiveness than the passive countermeasure. Integrated systems of passive and active pedestrian countermeasures offer a considerably increased potential for head injury reduction compared to either of the two systems alone.     

硫化镉量子点对人胚肝细胞L-02的毒性研究(Cadmium Sulfide Quantum Dots Induce Cytotoxicity in Human Embryo Liver Cells)

采用乳化液膜法自组合成硫化镉量子点(CdS quantum dots,CdS QDs),探讨CdS QDs的体外毒性作用及可能的作用机制.选用人胚肝细胞(L-02)作为细胞模型,采用不同浓度的CdS QDs(0.00、1.25、2.50、5.00、10.00、20.00、40.00μg·mL-1)对L-02细胞进行染毒.24h后,检测细胞内乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,并比较加入抗氧化剂N-乙酞半胱氨酸(NAC)后细胞存活率的变化,同时测定了细胞内外的镉离子浓度.结果表明,与空白对照组相比,CdS QDs单独染毒组细胞存活率显著降低(p<0.05或p<0.01);加入抗氧化剂NAC后,10.00、20.00、40.00μg·mL-1染毒组细胞存活率与单独染毒组相比显著上升(p<0.01).CdS QDs浓度为5.00μg·mL-1时,细胞内Cd2+的浓度略高于细胞外Cd2+的浓度,在其他浓度下,细胞外Cd2+的浓度均显著高于细胞内Cd2+的浓度.当作用浓度上升至10.00μg·mL-1时,人胚肝细胞内LDH含量显著增加,且随着作用剂量的升高,LDH含量逐渐增加.与空白对照组相比,40.00μg·mL-1CdS QDs染毒组SOD活力和20.00μg·mL-1CdS QDs染毒组GSH含量均显著降低(p<0.05).Cd2+易透过L-02细胞的细胞膜而进入细胞内,从而造成细胞损伤.氧化损伤可能是CdSQDs对L-02细胞毒性作用的机制之一.     

Analysis of non-fatal and fatal injury rates for mine operator and contractor employees and the influence of work location

INTRODUCTION: Mining injury surveillance data are used as the basis for assessing the severity of injuries among operator and contractor employees in the underground and surface mining of various minerals. METHOD: Injury rates during 1983-2002 derived from Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) database are analyzed using the negative binomial regression model. The logarithmic mean injury rate is expressed as a linear function of seven indicator variables representing Non-Coal Contractor, Metal Operator, Non Metal Operator, Stone Operator, Sand and Gravel Operator, Coal Contractor, and Work Location, and a continuous variable, RelYear, representing the relative year starting with 1983 as the base year. RESULTS: Based on the model, the mean injury rate declined at a 1.69% annual rate, and the mean injury rate for work on the surface is 52.53% lower compared to the rate for work in the underground. With reference to the Coal Operator mean injury rate: the Non-Coal Contractor rate is 30.34% lower, the Metal Operator rate is 27.18% lower, the Non-Metal Operator rate is 37.51% lower, the Stone Operator rate is 23.44% lower, the Sand and Gravel Operator rate is 16.45% lower, and the Coal Contractor rate is 1.41% lower. Fatality rates during the same 20 year period are analyzed similarly using Poisson regression model. Based on this model, the mean fatality rate declined at a 3.17% annual rate, and the rate for work on the surface is 64.3% lower compared to the rate for work in the underground. With reference to the Coal Operator mean fatality rate: the Non-Coal Contractor rate is 234.81% higher, the Metal Operator rate is 5.79% lower, the Non-Metal Operator rate is 47.36% lower, the Stone Operator rate is 8.29% higher, the Sand and Gravel Operator rate is 60.32% higher, and the Coal Contractor rate is 129.54% higher.     

浅析融雪剂对城市环境的影响

融雪剂是一把双刃剑,在快速除雪保障交通畅通的同时,也给城市带来了一系列的环境问题。对融雪剂对城市环境的影响进行了探讨分析,并提出了今后使用融雪剂的建议和策略。     

Particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure season-dependently induces neuronal apoptosis and synaptic injuries

Epidemiological studies have shown that particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5) not only increases the incidence of cardiopulmonary illnesses but also relates to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Considering that PM_2.5 is highly heterogeneous with regional disparity and seasonal variation, we investigated whether PM_2.5 exposure induced neuronal apoptosis and synaptic injuries in a season-dependent manner. The results indicated that PM_2.5 altered the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (mainly bax and bcl-2), activated caspase-3 and caused neuronal apoptosis. Additionally, PM_2.5 decreased the levels of synaptic structural protein postsynaptic density (PSD-95) and synaptic functional protein N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit (NR2B) expression. These effects occurred in a season-dependent manner, and PM_2.5 collected from the winter showed the strongest changes. Furthermore, the effect was coupled with the inhibition of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (p-CREB). Based on the findings, we analyzed the correlations between the chemical composition of PM_2.5 samples and the biological effects, and confirmed that winter PM_2.5 played a major role in causing neuronal apoptosis and synaptic injuries among different season samples.     

Study on the sensitivity to cadmium of marine fish Salaria basilisca（Pisces： Blennidae）

The present study tested the sensitivity of Salaria basilisca to water-cadmium (Cd) contamination. For this purpose, liver somatic index (LSI), Cd concentrations and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured in the liver of S. basilisca exposed to Cd-contaminated water (2 mg Cd/L as CdCl2) for 14 and 28 d. The results showed that the LSI decreased significantly after 14 and 28 d of Cd-exposure. Cd bioaccumulation in the liver resulted in an increasing uptake up to 42 g/g dry weight after 28 d of exposure. Activities of CAT and SOD were significantly increased with increasing exposure time. A significant increase in GSH-Px activity, under Cd influence, was observed during 14-day exposure period (p < 0.0001). However, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in this activity with respect to control fish was registered after 28 d of Cd-exposure. These results showed that Cd accumulation in the liver of S. basilisca could induce oxidative stress as demonstrated by changes in the antioxidant enzyme activities. Results also emphasized that S. basilisca may considered as a sensitive species to Cd exposure.     

Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs), but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO2-NPs to carp (Cyprinus carpio) was assessed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO2-NPs suspensions and exposure time (up to 8 d). As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO2-NPs su ered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO2-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO2-NPs released into the aqueous environment.     

不同浓度甲醛致大鼠肝细胞DNA氧化损伤作用

为了探讨外源性化合物暴露致内脏细胞DNA氧化损伤程度的定量检测方法,尝试以8\|羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG）为分子生物标志物,以甲醛为模式外源性化合物,以丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）为参考指标,应用大鼠肝细胞悬液进行体外染毒实验研究.同时,实验设置甲醛染毒的终浓度分别为0、5、15、45μmol· L-1,在大鼠肝细胞悬液染毒1h后,分别测量了肝细胞悬液中的8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）和丙二醛（MDA）含量.研究结果显示,随着甲醛浓度升高,大鼠肝细胞中8-OHdG和MDA含量均呈升高趋势（F=59.55,p<0.01;F=75.82,p<0.01）,高浓度组（45μmol·L-1）8-OHdG和MDA含量与对照组的差异均具有显著性（p<0.01）,中浓度组（15μmol·L-1）的这种差别也具有显著性（p<0.05, p<0.01）,低浓度组（5μmol·L-1）的这种差异没有显著性（p>0.05）.因此,8-OHdG不但可以用于血液和尿液样品的检测,而且采用本项研究摸索出的前处理方法可以很好地定量测定内脏细胞DNA氧化损伤的程度.     

Laboratory culture of the freshwater benthic gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa （Reeve） and its utility as a test species for sediment toxicity

This study aimed to develop original laboratory culture and sediment toxicity testing protocols for the freshwater gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa(Reeve),a new potential species for sediment toxicity testing.B.aeruginosa was successfully cultured with an effective culture system under proposed laboratory conditions.Optimal ad libitum feeding levels for larvae,juveniles,and adults were 2.0,6.0,and 16.0 mg fish food/(snail·day),respectively.Mean survival rates of juveniles were higher than 90%.The snails could be sexed at 9 weeks of age,and their generation time is approximately 4 months.Reproduction continued all year around;the mean fecundity was 0.55 newborn/(female·day).The utility of this species for bioassays was evaluated in both 10-day and 28-day case studies with artificial sediments.The 10-day LC50 of Cu for larvae was 480 μg/g dry weight(dw),and the lowest observed effects concentration of Cu for survival and growth of larvae was 195 μg/g dw.Survival and growth are reliable indicators of acute toxicity.Larvae accumulated more Cu than adults.B.aeruginosa exhibited a higher sensitivity to Cu exposure than standard test species(Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans).The 28-day test of sediment toxicity with adults showed that fecundity was a robust endpoint indicator of reproductive toxicity,and the biochemical endpoints of superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione could be used as sensitive biomarkers for Cu-induced oxidative damage.B.aeruginosa can be therefore recommended as a candidate for the standardization of the freshwater sediment toxicity test protocol.