非公路车辆翻车安全保护技术的研究

在我国农业、矿山、建筑、水利等行业中 ,非公路车辆保有量上千万台 ,使用者上亿人 ,由于车辆技术性能和操作使用水平参差不齐 ,非公路车辆作业工况恶劣 ,特别是车辆在承载时 ,重心上移 ,整车稳定性下降 ,加上车辆在边坡作业时 ,可能出现车辆翻滚现象 ,造成人员伤亡。笔者列举并分析了瑞典、德国、美国和中国等国家的非公路车辆翻车的人员伤亡统计数据 ;指出通过建立相应的保护法规 ,增设车辆翻车安全保护装置 (ROPS) ,一定程度上保护了工作人员安全 ;同时强调我国农业及工程车辆采用翻车保护装置的必要性 ,并给出了ROPS的设计选用原则。     

地理信息系统的设计及在城市污水处理中的应用

地理信息系统(GIS)可解决污水处理的有关信息的链接,并在地图上展示任何需要的信息,帮助人们决定在何时何地进行何种资源的配置或更新地图,实现有关信息的分享和利用,在互联网上建立本城市污水系统专用网站,使得信息的存储能力不受限制,有利于系统的维护、管理以及对问题的分析和解决。从设计原则、结构及系统的建立等方面介绍了GIS系统的设计特点。     

基础隔震研究与应用的回顾与前瞻

在本世纪初人们就认识到采用基础隔震方法进行建筑设计的优点,进行了各种基础隔震技术应用的尝试并曾有过成功的例子。随着近代橡胶工业技术和冶金工业技术的成熟,人们才可以制造出各种实用的隔震装置用于结构的设计和建筑。本文总结了这一历史发展的进程,综合分析了目前国际上主要成熟隔震系统的优点。在此基础上评述近代隔震技术发展的方向。随着隔震技术的成熟,在不远的将来我们可以采用现代建筑技术进行结构的目标设计,根据结构所处的环境和重要程度选择结构防灾的目标,然后采用相应的结构形式设计建造。     

Safety related questions for computer-controlled plants: derivation, organisation and application

The use of computers in process control has improved productivity and product quality but has also caused a number of accidents. If we learn from these accidents we may be able to prevent them from happening again. This paper advocates a systematic approach to deriving and organising safety-related questions from past incidents and then applying the questions to consider the safety issues related to the whole life-cycle of computer-controlled plants. Over 170 questions were derived from 300 incident reports provided by two major organisations. The questions are organised into a structured framework so that relevant questions can be located easily when considering different aspects of a computer-controlled plant. Examples illustrating the application of the questions are given. The whole set of questions is listed in the Appendix.     

The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990: A Policy Whose Time Has Come or Symbolic Legislation?

/ In 1990, the United States officially entered the era of pollution prevention with passage of the Pollution Prevention Act. This paper analyzes EPA's implementation of the Pollution Prevention Act from its passage in 1990 to the present. It examines the barriers EPA must overcome if it is to effectively integrate pollution prevention into its existing regulatory structure, including impediments created by statutory and organizational structure, the existing relationship between EPA and the groups it regulates, the fragmented implementation scheme of national environmental regulation, the balancing of conflicting demands advanced by powerful interests, industry's economic and technical concerns, and institutional inertia. It also examines issues such as industry commitment, the limits of prevention, and measurement concerns. The findings suggest that EPA's efforts at shifting to a pollution prevention regulatory ethic that holds primacy over pollution control are mixed. Its organizational structure, statutory authority, and incentives system still reflect a single-medium pollution control focus, appropriations for pollution prevention programs and activities are paltry compared to traditional pollution control programs, and participation in the program is voluntary. Yet, the findings also point to some promising programs that are working to institutionalize a pollution prevention regulatory ethic, and many states appear very committed to the concept.KEY WORDS: Pollution prevention; Source reduction; Pollution control; Alternative regulatory design; Barriers to implementation     

井下地脉动测试方法及工程意义

井下地脉动测试是一种新型的原位测试手段,本文简介了这种测试方法的要点,并对测试数据的工程价值与应用方法进行了讨论。     

REGIONAL SCALE TREND MONITORING OF INDICATORS OF TROPHIC CONDITION OF LAKES1

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed a sample survey design to answer questions about the ecological condition and trends in condition of U.S. ecological resources. To meet the objectives, the design relies on a probability sample of the resource population of interest (e.g., a random sample of lakes) each year on which measurements are made during an index period. Natural spatial and temporal variability and variability in the sampling process all affect the ability to describe the status of a population and the sensitivity for trend detection. We describe the important components of variance and estimate their magnitude for indicators of trophic condition of lakes to illustrate the process. We also describe models for trend detection and use them to demonstrate the sensitivity of the proposed design to detect trends. If the variance structure that develops during the probability surveys is like that synthesized from available databases and the literature, then the trends in common indicators of trophic condition of the specified magnitude should be detectable within about a decade for Secchi disk transparency (0.5–1 percentiyear) and total phosphorus (2–3 percent/year), but not for chlorophyll-a (> 3–4 percent/year), which will take longer.     

REGIONALIZATION OF STORM HYETOGRAPHS1

ABSTRACT: Regionalization of design storms can enhance their utility. Otherwise they have to be separately developed for different regions. Huff curves developed from point rainfall data collected at Coshocton, Ohio, and Chicago, Illinois, and from area-averaged Illinois and Texas precipitation data, are compared. The curves are similar in shape and position, with some visual differences depending on quartile. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests showed no significant differences in moat of the comparisons. Where significant differences existed, they may not represent real differences due to the small number of storms sampled. Consequently, regionalization of Huff curves from Ohio to Illinois to Texas may be appropriate. The comparison of Huff curves is affected to an unknown degree both by the effects of area averaging of data and by basis. of-development differences. The effects of observed differences in Huff curves on watershed response variables (e.g., peak flow) requires further study.     

REGIONAL RAINFALL INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY CURVES FOR PENNSYLVANIA1

ABSTRACT: A statistical analysis of all available continuous hourly and 15-minute duration rainfall records for Pennsylvania was performed to develop an updated procedure to estimate design storms. As a resuit of this study, Pennsylvania was divided into five homogeneous rainfall regions and a set of rainfall intensity-duration curves developed for each region, for return periods of 1 to 100 years and durations ranging from 5 minutes to 24 hours. The PDT-IDF curves were judged to be a better representation of Pennsylvania rainfall than the nationwide TP-40 maps, particularly for storm events of 10-years and lower return periods. The average time distribution of 24-hour storms in Pennsylvania was found to be well represented by the SCS Type II distribution. The Corps of Engineers SPS 24-hour distribution was found to differ appreciably from both the SCS Type H and the Pennsylvania 24-hour storm distribution. For storm durations between 15 and 90 minutes the standard Yarnell intensity-duration curves closely resemble Pennsylvania storm distributions.     

PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD ESTIMATION-EASTERN UNITED STATES1

In 1982, the National Weather Service (NWS) published criteria for developing the spatial and temporal precipitation distribution characteristics of Probable Maximum Storms. The criteria, which are intended for use in the United States east of the 105th meridian, involve four variables: (1) location of the storm center, (2) storm-area size, (3) storm orientation, and (4) temporal arrangement of precipitation amounts. A computer program has been developed which applies the NWS criteria to produce hyetographs of spatially-averaged precipitation for a basin, or for each subbasin if the basin is subdividided. The basis and operational characteristics of the program are described, and an application is illustrated in which the program is used in conjunction with a precipitation-runoff simulation program (HEC-1) to compute a Probable Maximum Flood.