氯离子对COD测定影响的探讨

研究含有高氯离子样品COD的测定,发现其中的白色沉淀为AgCl。实验结果证明,按照标准方法,当取样体积为20 mL时,按0.4 g HgSO4络合2 000 mg/L Cl-的比例投加掩蔽Cl-可以取得理想的效果。     

Decomposition of Al13 promoted by salicylic acid under acidic condition: Mechanism study by differential mass spectrometry method and DFT calculation

Decomposition of the polycation Al₁₃O₄(OH)₂₄(H₂O)₁₂⁷⁺ (Al₁₃) promoted by ligand is a vital subject to advance our understanding of natural and artificial occurrence and evolution of aluminum ions, especially in the case of acidic condition that dissolved Al³⁺ species can be released from the Al-bearing substances. However, the microscopic pathway of synchronous proton-promoted and ligand-promoted decomposition process for Al₁₃ is still in the status of ambiguity. Herein, we applied differential mass spectrometry method and DFT calculation to study the initial detailed process of Al₁₃ decomposition under the presence of proton and salicylic acid (H₂Sal). Mass results showed that the mononuclear Al³⁺-H₂Sal complexes dominated the resulting Al species, whereas the monodentate complex Al₁₃HSal⁶⁺ was not observed in the spectra. The difference of decomposition levels between the ligand/Al ratio 0.2 and 0.5 cases revealed that proton and ligand performed synergistic effect in initial Al₁₃ decomposition process, and the proton transfer determined the ring closure efficiency. The ring closure reaction is the prerequisite for the collapse of Al₁₃ structure and detachment of the mononuclear complex. DFT calculations reveal that hydrogen bond plays an important role in inducing the formation of chelated complex accompanying proton transfer. Attachment of protons at the bridging OH⁻ can elongate and weaken the critical bond between targeted Al³⁺ and µ₄-O^2- resulting from delocalization of electron pairs in the oxygen atom. These results demonstrate the detailed mechanism of Al₁₃ composition promoted by ligand and proton, and provide significant understanding for further application and control of Al₁₃.     

水体冻结过程中荧光物质的迁移转化研究

本研究利用荧光区域积分法考察了在水体冻结过程中,溶解性有机物(DOM)组分中荧光物质的迁移转化.同时,利用XAD树脂,将DOM分为3个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)和亲水性有机物(HPI).结果表明,在水体冻结过程中,HPO-A、TPI-A和HPI的DOC浓度在水相中逐渐增加,而在冰相中先减少后增加,并且这3种DOM组分在冰、水两相间的分配系数排序为:HPITPI-AHPOA.在水体冻结过程中,水相中HPO-A和HPI的总累计荧光强度(ΦT,n)值,以及冰相中3种DOM组分的总ΦT,n值随冻结时间的变化趋势均为先降低后升高.在水体冻结过程中,水相中3种DOM组分的类腐殖酸荧光峰发生蓝移.冻融作用导致HPO-A和HPI的荧光性降低.与HPO-A和HPI相比,TPI-A的荧光性受冻融作用的影响相对较小.此外,在4类荧光物质中,冻融作用对DOM组分中的类富里酸荧光物质和类腐殖酸荧光物质的影响较显著.     

沿面放电氧活性物质注入协同SCR脱除烟气中NO_x

为了提高选择性催化还原(SCR)在低温区(200℃)的脱硝性能,提出利用插在烟道中的沿面放电反应器生成氧活性物质,部分氧化NO以实现低温快速SCR脱硝过程.同时,研究了氧活性物质注入实现快速SCR的脱硝性能,考察了氧活性物质注入降低二氧化硫和水蒸汽对SCR反应的影响.实验结果表明:在模拟烟气温度为150℃时,采用氧活性物质注入,部分氧化烟气中的NO以实现快速SCR反应条件下(NO/NO2浓度比为1),脱硝效率为51.9%,比标准SCR提升23%;当模拟烟气中存在SO2或H2O时,氧活性物质注入可有效降低SO2、H2O对SCR脱硝效率的影响.     

浑河-大辽河水系水体与沉积物中典型全氟化合物的污染水平及生态风险评价

采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)分析了水体和沉积物中全氟化合物(PFCs)浓度水平,结果表明,浑河-大辽河的干流水中,PFCs总浓度范围为1.80~13.0 ng·L-1,其中,PFHx A、PFHp A、PFOA、PFOS和PFDA是主要污染物;沈阳细河中PFCs的总浓度为27.0~50.0 ng·L-1,其主要污染物为PFPA、PFOA、PFOS和PFDA.在浑河-大辽河沉积物中,PFHx A是唯一的检出物,其含量为0.130~0.490 ng·g-1干重;除了PFHx A,PFOS也是细河中的主要污染物,其浓度水平分别为0.070~0.220 ng·g-1和0.180~0.830 ng·g-1干重.采用实测的水和沉积物中PFOA和PFOS的暴露浓度以及预测的无效应浓度(PNEC),运用商值法对浑河-大辽河干流及沈阳细河水体和沉积物中PFOA和PFOS的生态风险进行评价.结果表明水体和沉积物中PFOA和PFOS的浓度均未达到对生态环境具有风险的水平.     

突变理论视角下突发群体事件演化机理研究

为探究突发群体事件各阶段的现象、动因和突变点等演化问题,通过剖析突发群体事件影响因素,将事件影响因素分为内在动因和外在诱因,以平息和爆发2种状态作为突发群体事件演化的趋势,构建突发群体事件演化模型,根据该模型解释突发群体事件各阶段的演化现象,找到突变点,分析演化趋势。结果表明:突发群体事件在内在动因和外在诱因的综合作用下,事件发展由量变到质变演化的3个层级阶段,其中,突变点对突发群体事件爆发起决定作用。     

FISH-NanoSIMS技术在环境微生物生态学上的应用研究

微生物分子生态学技术的不断发展,使得同时分析复杂生态系统中微生物的分布和功能特征成为可能.为了研究荧光原位杂交-纳米二次离子质谱技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization-Nano secondary ion mass spectroscopy,FISH-Nano SIMS)在环境微生物生态学上的应用,本研究采用稳定同位素标记的化合物13C-C6H12O6、15N-NH4Cl作为C源和N源,分别对纯培养锰氧化细菌假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.QJX-1(培养基加锰及不加锰两种条件下),以及浅层土壤及厌氧污泥两种环境样品进行培养.利用FISH-NanoSIMS技术检测培养后样品中微生物体内12C-、13C-、12C14N-、12C15N-的分布特征及其丰度值,进而探讨纯菌及环境样品中微生物利用同位素碳氮源的情况.结果显示所有样品细菌分布区域对应的同位素碳氮(13C、15N)的含量均显著大于其自然丰度值,这表明Pseudomonas sp.QJX-1及环境样品中的微生物均能代谢13C-C6H12O6和15N-NH4Cl.研究进一步发现,Pseudomonas sp.QJX-1在碳氮源消耗至较低浓度时才进行锰氧化;浅层土壤和厌氧污泥中可能都存在同步硝化反硝化细菌群落.FISH和Nano SIMS技术联用能同时分析环境样品中特定微生物的分布特征及代谢功能,进而能更好地掌握环境样品中微生物群落的生理生态学特征.     

Effects of UV-A LED light irradiation on growth of cultured RAW 264.7 cells

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ultraviolet A (UV-A) irradiation-induced damage on cultured macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and determine which components produced these manifestations. RAW 264.7 cells were irradiated with 365 nm UV-A using a light-emitting diode (LED). Cell viability and damage were determined using a calcein-AM and propidium iodide dual-staining assay and lactate dehydrogenase leakage, respectively. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by H₂DCF-DA. The components of ROS in each medium were measured using an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer in the presence of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrroline-3-carboxamide (TPC). While UV-A irradiation for 2 min significantly suppressed cell growth, LDH leakage did not occur. Addition of N-acetyl cysteine restored inhibition of cell proliferation, and reduced intracellular ROS levels. The EPR signal in the presence of TPC increased with time but was decreased by sodium azide. In addition, a typical EPR spectrum was obtained in the presence of DMPO, indicating the presence of a hydroxyradical. The spectrum was diminished by L-histidine. Data suggest that ROS generated in cells or culture medium by UV-A irradiation is predominantly singlet oxygen, and this singlet oxygen suppressed cell proliferation.     

Syntrophic co-culture of Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia for degradation of kraft lignin discharged from rayon grade pulp industry

In order to search the degradability of kraft lignin, the potential bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis (GU193980) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (GU193981) were isolated, screened and applied in axenic and co-culture conditions. Results revealed that mixed culture showed better decolorization efficiency (80%) and reduction of pollution parameters (COD 73% and BOD 62%) than axenic culture. This indicated syntrophic growth of these two bacteria rather than any antagonistic effect. The HPLC analysis of degraded samples of kraft lignin has shown the reduction in peak area compared to control, suggesting that decrease in color intensity might be largely attributed to the degradation of lignin by isolated bacteria. Further, the GC–MS analysis showed that most of the compounds detected in control were diminished after bacterial treatment. Further, the seed germination test using Phaseolus aureus has supported the detoxification of bacterial decolorized kraft lignin for environmental safety. All these observations have revealed that the developed bacterial co-culture was capable for the effective degradation and decolorization of lignin containing rayon grade pulp mill wastewater for environmental safety.     

基于工效学的高海拔制氧装置制氧效果评价方法研究

目的研究不同制氧装置和供氧方式对装备人员工效的综合影响。方法从不同吸氧方式对高海拔地区装备人员生理、心理、体能和作业效率等方面的改善效果进行研究。结果吸氧后装备人员的血氧饱和度上升到12%左右、心率减缓10%,体力提高5%左右,工作效率提高13%左右。结论高海拔地区吸氧可以提高从总体上提高装备人员的作业能力,长时间持续低浓度吸氧比间隔式高浓度吸氧对人员的生理、体能和工作效率的改善效果更好。