Isolation and Identification of Antialgal Compounds from the Leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. by Activity-Guided Fractionation (5 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope

Vallisneria spiralis Linn., a common, submerged macrophyte, is widely available in quiet waters of lakes, ponds, marshes and streams in Southeast Asia. V. spiralis plays a significant role not only in decreasing eutrophication of water body for its productivity, but also in inhibiting the growth of blue-green algae? The aim of the paper involves the isolation and identification of allelochemicals from extracts of V. spiralis by activity-guided fractionation and column chromatography.

Methods

Leaves of V. spiralis was washed free of debris, air-dried and refluxed in 95% EtOH. The extract was isolated using column chromatography and fractionation with antialgal activity. Potential allelochemicals were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS).

Results

Two fractions with strong antialgal activity were isolated using column chromatography and activity-guided fractionation from the extract of V. spiralis. 2-Ethyl-3-methylmaleimide, dihydroactinidiolide and 4-oxo-β-Ionone were identified in the first fraction, and 3-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-β-ionone, loliolide, 6-hydroxy-3-oxo-α-ionone and an unknown compound in the second fraction. They had strong inhibitory effects on Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.

Discussion

2-Ethyl-3-methylmaleimide is a byproduct of photooxidation of chlorophyll, and five other compounds identified were derivatives of β-carotene. HRGC-MS and derivatization technology were used to identify and confirm their molecular structures. The formula of the unknown compound was C16H19NO4. Metabolites of plant pigments had strong inhibitory activities on growth of algae.

Conclusions

Six compounds had been identified in V. spiralis, among them, 2-ethyl-3-methylmaleimide was the main allelochemical, and derivatives of ionone were also potential allelochemicals.

Recommendations and Perspective

. The results of our research could help us to study further mechanisms of inhibitory effect on algae and develop new potential antialgal substances.     

微纳米气液分散体系吸收NO

以模拟烟气为气源,去离子水为水源,通过微纳米气泡发生器形成微纳米气液分散体系,吸收模拟烟气中的NO,考察了多种因素对脱硝率(η)和气相体积总传质系数(KGa)的影响,分析了微纳米气液分散体系吸收NO的反应机理。结果表明:η和KGa随着进气NO体积分数和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)质量浓度的提高而下降;随着吸收液初始pH的提高先降低后升高;随着进气O_2体积分数的增大而提高;随着吸收液温度的升高先提高后降低;控制进气NO体积分数为0.06%时,在吸收液初始pH为2.0、吸收剂为去离子水、吸收液温度为25℃、进气O_2体积分数为10%的最佳条件下,脱硝率可达81.0%。微纳米气液分散体系是通过产生羟基自由基从而对NO进行氧化吸收的。     

微藻利用不同无机碳途径的定量方法

以莱茵衣藻和蛋白核小球藻为实验材料,通过向培养液中添加两种标记δ¹³C的碳酸氢钠来培养微藻。根据获得的微藻藻体的稳定碳同位素组成,运用双同位素示踪模型,成功计算出了微藻利用不同碳源的份额。并通过添加胞外碳酸酐酶特异性抑制剂(AZ),进一步获得了微藻利用不同无机碳途径的份额。本研究建立的双同位素示踪模型是一种快速定量碳源利用途径的实用方法。     

Postnatal management of prenatally diagnosed abdominal masses and anomalies

Rapid advancement in fetal diagnostic imaging has increased our ability to diagnose a multitude of anomalies in the prenatal period. The purpose of this chapter is to review our current understanding of prenatally diagnosed intra-abdominal lesions, and describe the current guidelines for the postnatal management and subsequent outcome for these lesions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The water-energy-food nexus: Trade-offs,thresholds and transdisciplinary approaches to sustainable development

Global challenges have exacerbated a search for solutions to poverty and environmental degradation. Integration it was argued would help address the twin challenge. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) was supposed to be that magic bullet and was embraced by scientists because of the clinical efficiency with which it argued for integrated analysis of sectors and resources and of systems and scale conditions. This paper argues that effective implementation of the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus can be supported by robust science. The corollary that robust science automatically leads to effective implementation is not always known to be true. The nexus approach sheds light on the challenges of implementation by introducing concepts of trade-offs and thresholds and consequently emphasizes the importance of transdisciplinary approaches to sustainable development. This paper reviews the results of recent research to offer tentative answers to the following questions: (a) Why is the governance dimension important to undertake an integrated analysis of water-energy-food challenges? (b) What does the nexus approach connote in normative and institutional terms? (c) What does implementation mean in nexus terms? (d) How can we establish if the nexus approach is an improvement over business as usual? and (e) What tools are available that would enable translation of results of scientific research to create an evidence base that would enable decision makers to act in support of sustainable development?     

THE EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL CIRCULATION ON A SMALL NORTHEASTERN IMPOUNDMENT1

ABSTRACT: Artificial circulation was applied at East Sidney Lake, a small, eutrophic impoundment in New York, to improve the water quality of the reservoir and tailwater. Treatment was successful at both reducing the stability of the reservoir and maintaining higher mean oxygen concentrations in the bottom waters. Discharge waters had lower metals and phosphorus concentrations during treatment years. However, vertical temperature differences, although minimal, were still sufficient to permit chemical stratification and some phosphorus release from the sediments. Frequent mixing events during periods of low stability, and runoff from storm events, also appeared to increase transport of phosphorus into the epilimnion. Overall, treatment did not result in decreases in algal populations or improvements in water clarity.     

Chemiluminescence in evaluating thermal oxidative stability of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymers. IV. Comparative study of various stabilizers in mass polymerization and emulsion resins

The thermal oxidative stability of ionic and emulsion ABS with various antioxidants and UV stabilizers was studied. It was found that Santonox R provides better protection than Irganox 1076 to both resins. It is also the case in formulations with Tinuvin 770 and Tinuvin 328.     

INDUCED OXIDATION OF STREAMS AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL INSTITUTIONS1

The proof is rapidly mounting that instream aeration is a technically and economically feasible supplement to secondary treatment of wastes, an alternative to tertiary waste treatment. Some phenomena remain unexplained; and competing technologies, especially those employing molecular oxygen, are being explored vigorously. However, there are convincing arguments in favor of aeration on theoretical grounds, proved technology is available; and the first installations have already been made. While remaining questions are being further investigated, it is time to consider in more detail the broader aspects, as to the institutional, legal, and political hurdles to be overcome before advantage can be taken of the new technology. This paper first summarizes the state-of-the-art as far as technology is concerned; and then outlines the institutional problem.     

MASS BALANCE MODEL ESTIMATION OF PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS IN RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: Mass balance models have been common tools in lake quality management for some years. However, verification for use on reservoirs, especially in the Western United States, has been seriously lacking, In this study, such a verification is attempted using data from the U.S EPA National Eutrophication Survey. Several models from the literature are compared for accuracy in application to the western reservoir data. Model standard error and correlation between estimated and observed reservoir phosphorus concentrations are the Criteria used for comparison. Standard errors am further used to calculate uncertainty of trophic state classification based on estimated phosphorus concentration. The model proposed by Dillon and Rigler (1974) proved most accurate, with a correlation coefficient of 0.86 and standard error of 0.2, based on logarithmic transformed values. Deficiencies in the other models appear to & from coefficients fit to lake data and from inappropriate model formulation.