湘东北地区大气降水和地下水的氢氧稳定同位素研究

深入认识湘东北地区的水文循环过程,对规范该区水资源的有效利用和减缓该区生态环境问题具有重要意义。在2021年10月—2023年2月,对该区金井镇的大气降水和不同深度（~4.7 m和~61 m）井水每月开展样品采集和测试。该区大气降水稳定同位素值（δ¹⁸O、δD）呈现夏半年偏负、冬半年偏正,且氘盈余、水汽通量和HYSPLIT模型分析结果显示,在夏季,影响该区降水气团主要来自暖湿的海洋洋面,冬季主要来自稳定的南支西风和局地水汽输送。浅井水和深井水的δ¹⁸O和δD与该区大气降水δ¹⁸O和δD的均值接近,变幅较小且呈现夏季偏正冬季偏负的特征,说明地下水受到大气降水的补给,但可能滞后于大气降水的变化。然而,不同深度地下水对大气降水的响应机制和滞后时间,还需进一步研究。     

Experimental investigation of limiting oxygen concentration of hybrid mixtures

An investigation into the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) of fifteen combustible dusts and methane, ethanol and isopropanol hybrid mixtures in the standard 20 L explosion chamber was performed. Three ignition energies (10 J, 2 kJ and 10 kJ) were used. The results show that a 10 J electrical spark ignition leads to significantly higher limiting oxygen concentration values than either 2 kJ or 10 kJ pyrotechnic igniters. This could be due to the “overdriving” effect of the chemical igniters, which produce a hot flame that virtually covers the entire explosion chamber during combustion. With respect to hybrid mixture investigation, the 20 L sphere was modified to allow the input of methane gas and flammable solvents. The limiting oxygen concentrations of the hybrid mixtures were found to be considerably lower than those of dust air mixtures when the relatively weaker spark igniter was used. There was no significant change in limiting oxygen concentration when the higher energy chemical igniters were used.     

压差法测BOD的应用研究

BOD测定时的恒温培养过程中,好氧生化反应可导致密闭系统的压力不断减少(压差),为此,建立BOD与压差的相关曲线,利用该曲线,在测得压差的情况下,可计算溶液的BOD。该方法与标准方法相比,测定范围宽,可随时了解测定状况,准确度和精密度相当,是一种值得推广的方法。     

煤吸附流态氧特性的测定及其自燃原因分析

用ZRJ-1型煤自燃测定仪对实验煤样的吸氧量作以测定,并按相关规程划分煤的自燃倾向性等级;同时纵向比较平顶山煤业集团公司十矿戊9-10煤层煤样的吸氧量,横向比较不同矿区煤层煤样的吸氧量,然后分析其吸氧量之间差异.考虑到煤自燃是一个极其复杂的物理、化学过程,因此在评价煤的自燃倾向性等级后,再结合所选煤样分析其自燃的原因.分析表明:无烟煤的吸氧量大于烟煤的吸氧量;煤吸附流态氧的量与挥发分有关,无烟煤中活性物质的存在对煤的自燃性有很大影响.     

高海拔矿井掘进工作面局部增压的空气幕调控仿真研究

矿井环境一直是制约矿井地下安全生产的重要因素之一,尤其是在高海拔地域,由于空气的各项参数都与海拔高度相关,高海拔地区矿井在通风方面要比平原矿井有更多特殊要求。为解决高海拔地区矿井掘进工作面存在的低压缺氧问题,在对高海拔地区低压环境特性分析及传统矿用空气幕理论分析的基础上,根据增能增阻设计提出了多功能矿用空气幕联合增压模型,该模型在巷道两端分别布置引射型和增阻型矿用空气幕,以达到增压进而间接提高工作场所含氧量的效果。以青海省某金矿3 850 m中段开拓巷道掘进作业面为背景,借助有限元仿真软件Fluent对构建的开拓巷道的三维立体模型进行数值模拟。模拟结果与现场实测结果基本相符,结果表明:采用基于空气幕的增压增氧调控技术可使开拓巷道掘进作业面绝对气压由63 835 Pa增加至68 273 Pa,氧分压从12 040 Pa提高至14 213 Pa,达到海拔3 000 m的水平,可明显改善通风效果和通风质量;同时,随掘进作业面压力提高,采空区有害气体的逸出也得到有效抑制。该调控方法可以克服传统风流调控设施存在的布置困难、影响通行的问题,为提高高海拔地区井下压力及含氧量提供了新的思路。     

Prediction of flammability limits of fuel-air and fuel-air-inert mixtures from explosivity parameters in closed vessels

Flammability limits of fuel-air and fuel-air-inert gaseous mixtures, especially at non-atmospheric conditions, are essential properties required for establishing safety operating conditions for handling and processing flammable gases. For pure fuels, an important data pool exists, formed by the flammability limits of fuel-air and fuel-air-inert gaseous mixtures at ambient initial conditions measured by standard methods. Such methods can be used for experimental determination of flammability limits for multi-fuels mixed with air, with or without additives, under non-atmospheric conditions. Their use is however a time- and material-consuming process; in addition, the flammability limits obtained by various standard methods may be scattered as a result of different choices in the operating parameters, for each standard method. It appears that a preliminary estimation of the flammability limits for fuel-air and fuel-air-inert gaseous mixtures can minimize the effort of measuring them in specific initial conditions.The present paper describes a new method for estimating the flammability range of fuel-oxidizer gaseous mixtures based on measurements of explosivity properties e.g. the peak explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise recorded during closed vessel laminar explosions of fuel-oxidizer mixtures far from limits. Data obtained for several hydrocarbon-air gaseous mixtures with or without inert gas addition are used to examine the accuracy of estimated flammability limits (LFL – the lower and UFL – the upper flammability limit) as well as of the Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC) and the Minimum Inert Concentration (MIC). The predictive ability of the proposed method is examined against the predictive ability of other recently described methods.     

Sub-chronic oral toxicity of acetamiprid in Wistar rats

Acetamiprid is a neoncotinoid insecticide that acts as an agonist to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor used as insecticide in crops and to control fleas on dogs and cats. The objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate the sub-chronic toxicity of orally administered acetamiprid, (2) to estimate the tissue residue levels and (3) to assess the reactive oxygen species induction in Wistar rats. Clinical signs of toxicity and changes in the haematological parameters were not observed in the acetamiprid-treated groups. Biochemically, increases in the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol and decreases in body weight, feed consumption, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and AchE were observed. Lipid peroxidation was increased in liver and kidney. Acetamiprid residues persisted in liver, kidney, spleen, muscles, brain, fat and histopathology revealed lesions in the liver. The no observable adverse effect level of acetamiprid was found to be ≤55 mg/kg body weight.     

外阻对污泥微生物燃料电池产电以及有机物降解的影响

重点考察了不同外阻（10、150和1 000Ω）对污泥微生物燃料电池（sludge microbial fuel cell,SMFC）产电性能及有机物去除速率的影响。结果表明,外阻对电池产电和有机物降解有显著影响,低电阻有利于电流产生及有机物消耗。当外阻为10Ω时,输出电流最高（4.2 mA）,且污泥溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）去除速率最快（53 mg.d-1）。DGGE图谱显示,不同外阻导致阳极微生物菌落结构有明显差异;CV扫描发现外阻对生物膜氧化还原能力有显著影响,低电阻下运行的阳极生物膜氧化还原活性较强。本研究为理解外阻与阳极生物膜间的关系提供一条有益线索,也为MFC性能提高提供一条可操作性的途径。     

“十一五”期间中国化学需氧量减排与水环境质量变化关联分析

化学需氧量是中国主要污染物总量控制指标之一。分析化学需氧量排放变化及减排形势对今后化学需氧量及其他污染物减排具有借鉴意义。在分析＂十一五＂期间中国化学需氧量减排趋势和水环境质量变化趋势的基础上,定量和定性地考察两者之间的关系。结果表明：＂十一五＂期间化学需氧量排放量呈下降趋势,但生活化学需氧量排放量比重有所上升,中西部地区排放量下降趋势比东部地区要小;化学需氧量减排目标顺利实现,其中,工业源是减排主体,东部地区对减排贡献最大;中国地表水环境质量逐步改善,高锰酸盐指数质量浓度累计下降31.9%,Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质断面比例累计提高14.4个百分点。无论是全国尺度还是流域尺度,随着化学需氧量排放量的减少,地表水水质均出现不同程度的改善,两者表现出一定程度的正相关关系,但是部分流域存在污染物排放总量与环境质量变化不完全协同的现象。