三峡库区水库水质Streeter Phelps模型修正及COD变化规律的新探讨

水体复氧规律的研究对于预测和评价水中溶解氧含量, 确定有机污染水体的自净过程具有重要意义。天然水体中溶解氧的多少是评价水环境质量优劣的一项非常重要的指标, 是水质预测的一个重要任务。Streeter Phelps模型是目前进行河流水质研究常用的物理模型，具有良好的理论和实用价值，然而在某些特定水域，该模型的应用受到限制，主要原因是复氧系数的取定多在水流速度较大情况下得到的，而未考虑水面波动对复氧系数的影响，另外，在实际研究过程中发现三峡库区COD变化的规律出现异常：在离排污口相当远的水域，COD随时间变化趋势并不是指数衰减，而是在某个常值附近微小摆动，以往很多修正过的Streeter Phelps模型都无法解释这个现象。经研究表明：考虑波动效应后，对复氧系数进行修正能得到较好的模型计算结果；同时，COD变化规律不仅可以弄清楚，而且可以为进一步研究排污规律和泥沙运动提供科学依据。     

Ceo2/ACFP催化剂低温选择性催化还原NO

采用介质阻挡放电低温氧等离子体技术进行表面改性的活性碳纤维（ACFP）为载体，进行CeO2／ACFP催化剂低温选择性催化还原（SCR）NO的研究。实验结果表明，ACF先经过低温氧等离子体技术进行表面改性后再负载CeO2，能明显提高对NO的去除率。在NO体积分数为1×10^-3、NH3体积分数为2×10^-3、O2体积分数为5％、Ar作为平衡气、反应温度为120—240℃的条件下，较理想的CeO2负载量（质量分数）为9％；在180℃用9％CeO2／ACFP为催化剂时，NO去除率为86．01％。     

LONG-TERM CHANGES IN STREAMFLOW FOLLOWING LOGGING IN WESTERN OREGON AND ASSOCIATED FISHERIES IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: The long-term effect of logging on low summer streamflow was investigated with a data set of 36 years. Hydrologic records were analyzed for the period 1953 and 1988 from Watershed (WS) 1 (clear-cut logged and burned), WS 2 (unlogged control), and WS 3 (25 percent patch-cut logged and burned) in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, western Cascade Range, Oregon. These records spanned 9–10 years before logging, and 21–25 years after logging and burning. Streamfiows in August were the lowest of any month, and were unaffected by occasional heavy rain that occurred at the beginning of summer. August streamfiows increased in WS 1 compared to WS 2 by 159 percent following logging in WS 1, but this increase lasted for only eight years following the start of logging in 1962. Water yield in August for 1970–1988 observed from WS 1 was 25 percent less than predicted from the control (WS 2, ANOVA, p=0.032). Water yield in August increased by 59 percent after 25 percent of the area of WS 3 was patch-cut logged and burned in 1963. In contrast to WS 1, however, water yields from WS 3 in August were consistently greater than predicted for 16 years following the start of logging, through to 1978. For the 10 years, 1979–1988, water yield observed in August from WS 3 was not different than predicted from the control (WS 2, ANOVA, p-0.175). The contrasting responses of WS 1 and 3 to logging are thought to be the result of differences in riparian vegetation caused by different geomorphic conditions. A relatively wide valley floor in WS 1 allowed the development of hardwoods in the riparian zone following logging, but the narrow valley of WS 3 and limited sediment deposits prevented establishment of riparian hardwoods. Low streamflows during summer have implications for salmonid survival. Reduced streamflow reduces the amount of rearing habitat, thus increasing competition. Combined with high water temperatures, reduced streamflow can lead directly to salmonid mortality by driving salmonids from riffles and glides, and trapping them in drying pools. Low streamflow also increases oxygen depletion caused by leaves from riparian red alders.     

土生拉乌尔菌TGRB3的生物学特性及其不同氧气浓度条件下的汞甲基化

从三峡库区消落带土壤中分离、纯化得到1株具有汞甲基化能力的细菌,对其形态、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列进行分析后,鉴定为土生拉乌尔菌,并命名为RaouLtella terrigena TGRB3.研究发现,菌株TGRB3具有强酸碱和盐度适应能力,为中高温型菌,在pH=4～9和盐度0.2%～4.0%范围内均能正常生长,最适生长温度为25℃.在Hg~(2+)浓度为1000μg·L~(-1)时,菌株生长受到显著抑制.此外,在初始Hg~(2+)浓度为300 ng·L~(-1)的条件下探讨了该菌在不同氧气浓度(0、7%、14%和21%)下的生长情况及汞甲化能力.结果表明,该菌的生长不受氧气浓度的制约,但在有氧条件下生长更好,且在厌氧或低氧浓度条件下具有更强且稳定的汞甲基化能力.在氧气浓度为14%和21%的条件下,该菌的最大甲基汞含量分别为(0.54±0.01)和(1.62±0.08) ng·L~(-1),试验后期表现出较强的去甲基化现象,培养54 h后的甲基汞含量显著降低为(0.08±0.02)和(0.05±0.00) ng·L~(-1);而在氧气浓度为0和7%的条件下,最大甲基汞含量分别为(6.75±1.75)和(3.24±0.74) ng·L~(-1),且在试验周期内甲基汞持续产生,平均浓度分别为(3.23±1.39)和(1.66±0.71) ng·L~(-1).本试验结果可望为三峡库区消落带土壤汞生物甲基化机理的深入研究及汞污染风险评价等提供全新的试验材料.     

缺氧-好氧连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥反应器的启动及稳定运行

在室温下(17~19℃),通过接种成熟的亚硝化颗粒污泥于缺氧-好氧连续流反应器中,研究连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥的启动及稳定运行.结果表明,在启动阶段,颗粒污泥系统的亚硝态氮积累率(NAR)平均超过95%,成功启动了缺氧-好氧连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥系统.将好氧区溶解氧(DO)由(3±0.2) mg·L~(-1)提高到(4.5±0.2) mg·L~(-1),探究DO对于该连续流系统的影响.结果表明,在较高DO下,缺氧-好氧连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥系统仍能保持良好的亚硝化性能,平均NAR大于95%.另外,通过改变进水的水力停留时间(HRT),探究HRT对于该连续流系统的影响.较短的水力停留时间(8.4 h)会加快污泥颗粒在系统中的循环,使破碎的颗粒污泥不能及时重组,致使污泥颗粒沉淀性变差,造成污泥颗粒的流失.HRT增加到12.2h时,颗粒污泥系统得到了恢复,并且可以稳定运行.在运行末(166 d),氨氮去除率和NAR分别为86.7%和96.2%.     

纳米零价铜活化分子氧降解水中恩诺沙星

采用纳米零价铜(nanoscale zero-valent copper,nZVC)活化分子氧对水中恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin,ENR)的去除进行了系统研究.通过表征可以发现,纳米铜粉比表面积高于微米级铜粉,无孔隙结构,表面粗糙且容易团聚.纳米级ZVC活化分子氧的性能明显优于微米级ZVC,这主要归因于其较大的比表面积,更容易被腐蚀.通过探究活化机制可以发现,活化分子氧产生的H_2O_2和表面腐蚀产生的Cu+构成了新型类Fenton体系,持续释放的羟基自由基是造成水中ENR高效去除的主导活性物种;同时,反应过程中产生的超氧自由基能够促进Cu2+还原成Cu+,从而加速ENR的去除过程.反应条件对nZVC活化分子氧降解ENR有一定的影响,较高的nZVC投加量、较低ENR浓度、较高的反应温度以及强酸性条件均有利于ENR的去除.     

成都次降水稳定氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源分析

基于对成都地区2016年9月至2017年10月采集的113场次降水样品氢氧同位素的分析,发现大气次降水中δD、δ~(18)O、~(17)O、d-excess和~(17)O-excess有显著的季节性变化,旱季高雨季低,反映了该地区旱、雨两季水汽来源不同;地区大气降水线斜率和截距都偏小,表明成都降水来源于具有不同稳定同位素比率的源地,且雨滴在降落过程中发生了二次蒸发;三氧同位素大气降水线(δ'~(17)O=0. 528 9δ'~(18)O+0. 007 5)斜率介于海洋气团(0. 529)与干空气(0. 518)之间,表明成都地区处于海洋气团向内陆迁移的路径上; d值接近全球平均值,而~(17)O-excess值远较海水大,表明成都的水汽来源由海洋气团主导,且到达该地区的过程中同位素经历了严重的富集; d-excess在旱季出现的极低值可能是受到了人工降雨的影响,~(17)O-excess除了与水汽源地的相对湿度有关外,还会受到上游气团对流作用的影响,此外,成都当地的气象因素对不同季节次降水的~(17)O-excess值有不同程度的影响.     

碳纤维复合材料-钢电偶腐蚀研究

目的 研究碳纤维复合材料与船体钢的电偶腐蚀行为.方法 采用T700碳纤维复合材料-10CrNiCu钢电偶对在3.5％NaCl溶液中的浸泡实验、电化学试验及实验后的腐蚀形貌分析,对比测定了电偶对中10CrNiCu钢的腐蚀速度,分析了电偶对的腐蚀行为.结果 碳纤维与10CrNiCu钢的开路电位差高达850 mV以上,当它们连接形成电偶对时,碳纤维对10CrNiCu钢有很强的电偶效应.当碳纤维的面积与钢的面积比为1:1时,可使10CrNiCu钢的腐蚀速度至少增大约1.5倍.结论 碳纤维单独在3.5％NaCl溶液中的电位基本是氧去极化的平衡电位,当碳纤维复合板与钢连接形成腐蚀电池时,显著促进了氧去极化反应,从而显著促进了钢的腐蚀.     

Ce-promoted Mn/ZSM-5 catalysts for highly efficient decomposition of ozone

Manganese oxides supported by ZSM-5 zeolite (Mn/ZSM-5) as well as their further modified by Ce promoter were achieved by simple impregnation method for ozone catalytic decomposition. The yCe20Mn/ZSM-5–81 catalyst with 8% Ce loading showed the highest catalytic activity at relative humidity of 50% and a space velocity of 360 L/(g × hr), giving 93% conversion of 600 ppm O₃ after 5 hr. Moreover, this sample still maintained highly activity and stability in humid air with 50%–70% relative humidity. Series of physicochemical characterization including X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed technology (NH₃-TPD and H₂-TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and oxygen isotopic exchange were introduced to disclose the structure-performance relationship. The results indicated that moderate Si/Al ratio (81) of zeolite support was beneficial for ozone decomposition owing to the synergies of acidity and hydrophobicity. Furthermore, compared with 20Mn/ZSM-5-81, Ce doping could enhance the amount of low valance manganese (such as Mn²⁺ and Mn³⁺). Besides, the Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ ratio of 8Ce20Mn/ZSM-5-81 sample was higher than that of 4Ce20Mn/ZSM-5-81. Additionally, the synergy between the MnO_x and CeO₂ could easily transfer electron via the redox cycle, thus resulting in an increased reducibility at low temperatures and high concentration of surface oxygen. This study provides important insights to the utilization of porous zeolite with high surface area to disperse active component of manganese for ozone decomposition.     

Enhancement of simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal using intermittent aeration mechanism

Biological nutrient removal grows into complicated scenario due to the microbial consortium shift and kinetic competition between phosphorus (P)-accumulating and nitrogen (N)-removing microorganisms. In this study, three sequential batch reactors with constant operational conditions except aeration patterns at 6 h cycle periods were tested. Intermittent aeration was applied to develop a robust nutrient removal system aimed to achieve high energy saving and removal efficiency. The results showed higher correspondence of P-uptake, polymeric substance synthesis and glycogen degradation in intermittent-aeration with longer interval periods compared to continuous-aeration. Increasing the intermittent-aeration duration from 25 to 50 min, resulted in higher process performance where the system exhibited approximately 30% higher nutrient removal. This study indicated that nutrient removal strongly depends on reaction phase configuration representing the importance of aeration pattern. The microbial community examined the variation in abundance of bacterial groups in suspended sludge, where the 50 min intermittent aeration, favored the growth of P-accumulating organisms and nitrogen removal microbial groups, indicating the complications related to nutrient removal systems. Successful intermittently aerated process with high capability of simple implementation to conventional systems by elemental retrofitting, is applicable for upgrading wastewater treatment plants. With aeration as a major operational cost, this process is a promising approach to potentially remove nutrients in high competence, in distinction to optimizing cost-efficacy of the system.