Allocation of supplementary aeration stations in the Chicago waterway system for dissolved oxygen improvement

The Chicago Waterway System (CWS), used mainly for commercial and recreational navigation and for urban drainage, is a 122.8 km branching network of navigable waterways controlled by hydraulic structures. The CWS receives pollutant loads from 3 of the largest wastewater treatment plants in the world, nearly 240 gravity Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO), 3 CSO pumping stations, direct diversions from Lake Michigan, and eleven tributary streams or drainage areas. Even though treatment plant effluent concentrations meet the applicable standards and most reaches of the CWS meet the applicable water quality standards, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) standards are not met in the CWS during some periods. A Use Attainability Analysis was initiated to evaluate what water quality standards can be achieved in the CWS. The UAA team identified several DO improvement alternatives including new supplementary aeration stations. Because of the dynamic nature of the CWS, the DUFLOW model that is capable of simulating hydraulics and water quality processes under unsteady-flow conditions was used to evaluate the effectiveness of new supplementary aeration stations. This paper details the use of the DUFLOW model to size and locate supplementary aeration stations. In order to determine the size and location of supplemental aeration stations, 90% compliance with a 5 mg/l DO standard was used as a planning target. The simulations showed that a total of four new supplementary aeration stations with oxygen supply capacities ranging from 30 to 80 g/s would be sufficient to meet the proposed target DO concentration for the North Branch and South Branch of the Chicago River. There are several aeration technologies, two of which are already being used in the CWS, available and the UAA team determined that the total capital costs of the alternatives range from $35.5 to $89.9 million with annual operations and maintenance costs ranging from $554,000 to $2.14 million. Supplemental aeration stations have been shown to be a potentially effective means to improve DO concentrations in the CWS and will be included in developing an integrated strategy for improving water quality in the CWS.     

气体扩散电极体系电化学消毒

以自制活性炭/聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)气体扩散电极在无隔膜体系发生H2O2进行电化学消毒的系统研究,主要探讨了膜电极中PTFE质量分数W(PTFE)和造孔剂含量m(NH4HCO3),外部操作条件pH值和氧气流速Q(O2)对杀菌效果的影响.结果表明,W(PTFE)为0.5时,H2O2的产量最高.适量造孔剂的添加有效地提高了杀菌效率,与酸性条件相比,效果在中性条件下更为突出.BET比表面积分析结果表明,随着造孔剂含量的增加,膜电极表面的平均孔径先大幅度减小,后缓慢增加,这有助于电极上的气体传质效果.吸附在杀菌过程中起的作用不大.杀菌效率随着pH值的下降迅速提高,该体系pH值适用范围较广:当原水细菌总数为106CFU.mL-1,pH为3～10,以载铂量W(Pt)为3‰的气体扩散电极作为阴极进行电解,30 min后杀菌效率均能达到80%以上.在一定范围内增加氧气流速Q(O2)对H2O2的产生及杀菌效率的提高无太大影响.一方面,高的氧气流速增大了水的电阻,增加了杀菌能耗,提高气体扩散电极体系杀菌的运行成本;另一方面,高的氧气流速在一定程度上适当缩短了处理时间,降低了设备投资.机制研究表明,开始时阳极的直接氧化与自由基的产生起了重要作用;随着反应时间的延长,阴极H2O2间接杀菌的作用迅速增强;电解30 min后阴极室和阳极室的杀菌效率基本相当,此时两者的作用接近.     

Arsenic dynamics in the rhizosphere and its sequestration on rice roots as affected by root oxidation

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of root oxidation on arsenic （As） dynamics in the rhizosphere and As sequestration on rice roots. There were significant differences （P 〈 0.05） in pH values between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, with pH 5.68-6.16 in the rhizosphere and 6.30-6.37 in non-rhizosphere soils as well as differences in redox potentials （P 〈 0.05）. Percentage arsenite was lower （4%-16%） in rhizosphere soil solutions from rice genotypes with higher radial oxygen loss （ROL） compared with genotypes with lower ROL （P 〈 0.05）. Arsenic concentrations in iron plaque and rice straw were significantly negatively correlated （R = -0.60, P 〈 0.05）. Genotypes with higher ROL （TD71 and Yinjingmanzhau） had significantly （P 〈 0.001） lower total As in rice grains （1.35 and 0.96 mg/kg, respectively） compared with genotypes with lower ROL （IAPAR9, 1.68 mg/kg; Nanyangzhan 2.24 mg/kg） in the As treatment, as well as lower inorganic As （P 〈 0.05）. The present study showed that genotypes with higher ROL could oxidize more arsenite in rhizosphere soils, and induce more Fe plaque formation, which subsequently sequestered more As. This reduced As uptake in aboveground plant tissues and also reduced inorganic As accumulation in rice grains. The study has contributed to further understanding the mechanisms whereby ROL influences As uptake and accumulation in rice.     

芦苇湿地系统对鸭粪废水中COD的模拟去除及纳污量核算

通过原状芦苇土柱灌溉鸭粪废水的室内模拟试验,探讨了芦苇湿地系统对鸭粪废水中COD的净化规律,并估算了芦苇湿地系统对COD的最大纳污量.结果表明,不同浓度的养鸭废水对芦苇的生物量影响不同,低、中、高浓度处理下芦苇生物量分别较对照增长36.1%、24.4%、24.3%;不同时期湿地系统对COD的净化效果不同,生长期要明显好于抽穗期和开花期;同一时期不同浓度处理条件下芦苇湿地系统对COD的净化效果亦存在明显差异,高浓度处理下湿地系统对废水中COD的去除率明显高于低浓度和中浓度处理.芦苇湿地系统对鸭粪废水中COD的净化可以用指数方程表示,而且在相同进水浓度下,降解常数(k)与温度成线性关系.高浓度处理条件下,估算出白洋淀芦苇湿地系统对COD的最大纳污量约为26629t·a-1.     

华中地区供水水库抗生素抗性基因的季节变化及影响因素

为明确华中地区饮用水水源地抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）的赋存特征,本研究选取了11个大型饮用水水源地,分别于2019年秋季和2020年夏季对整合子基因intI1和19个ARGs进行了定量.结果表明,水库环境中ARGs的丰度并不随时间产生明显变化.四环素类、磺胺类及β-内酰胺类耐药基因是华中地区供水水库的优势基因.选取的2种磺胺类ARGs sul1及sul2丰度和检出率均处于较高水平,表明这两种基因是水库环境的优势基因.耐多粘菌素基因mcr-1并未检出,表明我国抗生素限用政策已取得一定效果.与其他环境介质相比,水库环境中ARGs丰度处于较低水平.相关性分析结果显示水质指标与ARGs有一定相关性,表明水质指标可以成为水库环境中ARGs污染的指示指标.由于碳青霉烯类抗生素用量受到严格限制及其易降解的特性,其相应ARGs丰度及检出率均较低;四环素类耐药基因与其他类耐药基因关系密切,基因的水平转移可能是导致该现象的重要因素;intI1虽然整体上与ARGs相关性不强,但仍可能是导致水库环境中个别基因传播扩散的重要因素.     

Nitrogen removal from wastewater and bacterial diversity in activated sludge at different COD/N ratios and dissolved oxygen concentrations

The impact of the organic carbon to nitrogen ratio (chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N) in wastewater and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on carbon and nitrogen removal efficiency, and total bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities in activated sludge in constantly aerated sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) was determined. At DO of 0.5 and 1.5 mg O₂/L during the aeration phase, the efficiency of ammonia oxidation exceeded 90%, with nitrates as the main product. Nitrification and denitrification achieved under the same operating conditions suggested the simultaneous course of these processes. The most effective nitrogen elimination (above 50%) was obtained at the COD/N ratio of 6.8 and DO of 0.5 mg O₂/L. Total bacterial diversity was similar in all experimental series, however, for both COD/N ratios of 6.8 and 0.7, higher values were observed at DO of 0.5 mg O₂/L. The diversity and abundance of AOB were higher in the reactors with the COD/N ratio of 0.7 in comparison with the reactors with the COD/N of 6.8. For both COD/N ratios applied, the AOB population was not affected by oxygen concentration. Amplicons with sequences indicating membership of the genus Nitrosospira were the determinants of variable technological conditions.     

除磷亚硝化颗粒工艺启动及性能恢复

针对生活污水低碳氮比的水质特点,采用SBR反应器接种低温储存的强化生物除磷颗粒污泥,来启动除磷亚硝化颗粒工艺,通过控制曝气强度及污泥龄实现除磷亚硝化的稳定运行,为后置CANON或厌氧氨氧化工艺(ANAMMOX)提供进水.污泥龄为30 d的条件下实现了出水TP小于0. 5 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度小于50 mg·L~(-1),亚硝酸盐氮积累率达到了90%以上.实验还得出,过高的曝气强度使除磷亚硝化性能恶化,可采用降低曝气强度和减小污泥龄的方式来改善除磷性能.污泥龄为40 d可以实现生活污水除磷亚硝化中的亚硝化性能进一步恢复,最终实现出水磷浓度保持在0. 5 mg·L~(-1)以下,COD及TP去除率分别稳定在80%及95%,亚硝酸盐积累率保持在90%以上,SVI值从初始的63 m L·g~(-1)降低到35 m L·g~(-1),颗粒污泥沉降性能良好,颗粒粒径在整个运行过程中保持在1 000μm以上.     

A comparative investigation of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) and Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x: 0-0.4) for NO decomposition

A series of single-phase T-structured NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) with oxygen vacancies and T'-structured Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x:0-0.4) with oxygen excess were prepared using ultrasound-assisted citric acid complexing method, and characterized by means of techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis and NO temperature-progranuned desorption (NO-TPD). The catalytic activities of these materials were evaluated for the decomposition of NO. It was found that the NdSrCut_xCoxO4_b catalysts were of oxygen vacancies whereas the Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) ones possessed excessive oxygen (i.e., over-stoichiometric oxygen); with a rise in Co doping level,the oxygen vacancy density of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) decreased while the over-stoichiometric oxygen amount of Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ)increased. The NO-TPD results revealed that NO could be activated much easier over the oxygen-deficient perovskite-like oxides than over the oxygen-excessive perovskite-like oxides, with the NdSrCuO_(3.702) catalyst showing the best efficiency in activating NO molecules. Under the conditions of 1.0% NO/helium, 2800 hr~(-1), and 600-900℃, the catalytic activity of NO decomposition followed the order of NdSrCuO_(3.702)> NdSrCu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(3.736) > NdSrCu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(3.789) > Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(4.187)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(4.104)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CuO_(4.045), in concord with the sequence of decreasing oxygen vacancy or oxygen excess density. Based on the results, we concluded that the higher oxygen vacancy density and the stronger Cu~(3+)/Cu~(2+) redox ability of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) account for the easier activation of NO and consequently improve the catalytic activity of NO decomposition over the catalysts.     

制氧企业安全现状评价技术方法探讨

对制氧企业进行的安全现状评价,其评价结果是企业能否获得安全生产许可证的条件之一。因此,如何选择合适的评价方法,得到符合制氧企业实际的评价结果,准确反映企业的安全生产状况,为制氧企业的事故预防和安全管理工作提供有效途径,同时也为国家安全生产监督管理部门安全生产许可证的发放提供技术支撑,是一个十分现实的问题。本文针对制氧企业生产的特点,将其划分为不同的评价单元,综合运用故障模式和影响及严重度分析、故障模式及影响分析、事故统计分析、故障树分析、安全检查表分析、作业条件危险性评价法和事故后果模拟分析等方法,对制氧企业安全现状评价进行了探讨。     

增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯致小鼠肺组织氧化损伤作用

探究邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯(diisodecyl phthalate,DIDP)对小鼠肺组织的氧化损伤。以BALB/c小鼠为受试动物,随机分为7组,包括1个阴性对照组(生理盐水)、4个DIDP染毒组(0.15,1.5,15,150 mg·kg~(-1))、1个维生素E(100 mg·kg~(-1))组和1个高剂量DIDP(150 mg·kg~(-1))加维生素E(100 mg·kg~(-1))组,灌胃染毒14 d。处死小鼠,制备肺组织匀浆样品,以化学荧光法检测活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量,以分光光度试剂盒法检测还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)的含量、以硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法检测丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量、以酶联免疫吸附(EILSA)试剂盒法检测8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG)的含量,同时观察肺组织的病理变化与荧光染色结果。随着DIDP染毒剂量的升高,肺组织的ROS、MDA、8-OHdG含量逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,各指标呈一定的剂量-效应关系。染毒剂量为15 mg·kg~(-1)时,ROS、GSH、8-OHdG含量差异有统计学意义(P 0.05,P 0.01);染毒剂量为150 mg·kg~(-1)时,上述指标差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05,P 0.01)。小鼠肺组织HE染色和荧光染色观察结果表明,随着DIDP染毒剂量的增加,小鼠肺细胞的病理损伤越严重。与150 mg·kg~(-1)DIDP剂量组比较,150 mg·kg~(-1)DIDP+维生素E组的ROS、MDA和8-OHdG含量均有下降,GSH含量上升(P 0.05,P 0.01);小鼠肺组织病理损伤减轻。以上结果说明,较高剂量(≥15 mg·kg~(-1))的DIDP能造成小鼠肺组织的氧化损伤,维生素E对其损伤有拮抗作用。