乌鲁木齐市民用住宅室内氡浓度水平调查研究

对乌鲁木齐市具有代表性的民用住宅室内氡浓度进行了连续一年的监测调查,调查结果显示室内氡浓度平均值55.4 Bq／m3,低于国标的“200 Bq／m3”,并据此估算出其所致居民的年均有效剂量为1.400 mSv,以及所致居民支气管上皮组织、肺、性腺、骨髓及骨表面细胞等关键组织的年吸收剂量分别为1886．49,378.96,2.80,3.20,3.20μGy／a,大于UNSCEAR2000年报告的世界平均值1.008 mSv,结合室内氡的主要来源,提出了对建筑材料进行放射性监测、控制装修、工程竣工后开展室内环境监测、加强室内通风以及开展室内氡污染治理等措施控制室内氡浓度水平。     

溴添加对燃煤烟气汞形态转化的影响

在一维管式沉降炉燃烧试验装置上,以汞的氧化率为评价指标,进行了溴化物种类、添加浓度、添加方式等因素对燃煤烟气汞形态转化影响的实验研究.结果表明: 溴对汞的氧化起促进作用,汞氧化率在一定的范围快速增加,超过此范围缓慢增加.不同的煤质,不同的溴添加物,这个范围是不同的;综合考虑添加成本,操作难易程度以及汞的氧化率,添加同浓度的溴化物时,汞的氧化率由低到高的排列顺序依次是:HBr炉后< HBr炉前< CaBr2< NaBr.在本实验条件下,汞的氧化效果最佳的条件是,褐煤中添加200mg/kg溴化钠,汞的氧化率约72%;亚烟煤添加1000mg/kg溴化钠,汞的氧化率约83%.     

臭氧+曝气生物滤池深度处理工艺试验研究

针对某污水厂出水不达标的情况,本研究采用臭氧(O3)和曝气生物滤池(BAF)组合工艺对其进行深度处理.结果表明,当采用两级臭氧+曝气生物滤池工艺时,出水COD在31～46 mg/L,色度在13～29倍,均达到一级A排放标准.在最佳运行条件下,臭氧氧化使相对分子质量大于50 000的有机物含量减少10％,小于1 000的有机物含量增加14％.曝气生物滤池工艺使相对分子质量小于1 000的有机物含量降低了24％.     

降雨对城市草坪温室气体源汇效应的影响

利用静态箱法研究了夏季降雨对上海市城市草坪温室气体排放的影响,结果表明,晴天上海市城市草坪是N_2O和CO_2的源,CH_4的汇;降雨会削弱N_2O和CO_2排放,使得草坪由CH_4的汇转变为排放源。N_2O通量在晴天和雨后分别为1.37±3.47和1.06±2.67μmol/(m2·h),CO_2通量在晴天和雨后分别为13.33±8.59和6.46±2.61mmol/(m~2·h),CH_4通量在晴天和降雨后分别为-0.08±3.77和0.22±6.27μmol/(m~2·h)。明暗箱对比实验显示,草坪生态系统能有效缓解土壤对大气N_2O和CO_2的贡献。N_2O和CO_2通量与光合有效辐射和温度呈显著负相关(p0.01),CH_4和二者相关性不显著。降雨通过降低光合作用和温度,间接削弱城市草坪CO_2和N_2O的排放。降雨可能通过提高含水率抑制城市草坪对CH_4的吸收,促进其排放。     

Predicted no-effect concentrations for mercury species and ecological risk assessment for mercury pollution in aquatic environment

Mercury(Hg) exists in different chemical forms presenting varied toxic potentials. It is necessary to explore an ecological risk assessment method for different mercury species in aquatic environment. The predicted no-effect concentrations(PNECs) for Hg(Ⅱ) and methyl mercury(Me Hg) in the aqueous phase, calculated using the species sensitivity distribution method and the assessment factor method, were 0.39 and 6.5 × 10-3μg/L, respectively. The partition theory of Hg between sediment and aqueous phases was considered, along with PNECs for the aqueous phase to conduct an ecological risk assessment for Hg in the sediment phase. Two case studies, one in China and one in the Western Black Sea, were conducted using these PNECs. The toxicity of mercury is heavily dependent on their forms,and their potential ecological risk should be respectively evaluated on the basis of mercury species.     

Protection of palak (Beta vulgaris L. var Allgreen) plants from ozone injury by ethylenediurea (EDU): Roles of biochemical and physiological variations in alleviating the adverse impacts

Ameliorative effects of ethylenediurea (N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolinidyl) ethyl]-N′ phenylurea, abbreviated as EDU) against ozone stress were studied on selected growth, biochemical, physiological and yield characteristics of palak (Beta vulgaris L. var Allgreen) plants grown in field at a suburban site of Varanasi, India. Mean eight hourly ozone concentration varied from 52 to 73 ppb which was found to produce adverse impacts on plant functioning and growth characteristics. The palak plants were treated with 300 ppm EDU at 10 days after germination at 10 days interval up to the plant maturity. Lipid peroxidation in EDU treated plants declined significantly as compared to non-EDU treated ones. Significant increment in F_v/F_m ratio in EDU treated plants as compared to non-EDU treated ones was recorded. EDU treated plants showed significant increment in ascorbic acid contents and reduction in peroxidase activity as compared to non-EDU treated ones. As a result of the protection provided by EDU against ozone induced stress on biochemical and physiological characteristics of palak, the morphological parameters also responded positively. Significant increments were recorded in shoot length, number of leaves plant⁻¹, leaf area and root and shoot biomass of EDU treated plants as compared to non-EDU treated ones. Contents of Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe were higher in EDU treated plants as compared to non-EDU treated ones. The present investigation proves the usefulness of EDU in partially ameliorating ozone injury in ambient conditions.     

The effect of alkyl chain length on the degradation of alkylimidazolium- and pyridinium-type ionic liquids in a Fenton-like system

Background, aim, and scope  Ionic liquids are regarded as essentially “green” chemicals because of their insignificant vapor pressure and, hence, are a good alternative to the emissions of toxic conventional volatile solvents. Not only because of their attractive industrial applications, but also due to their very high stability, ionic liquids could soon become persistent contaminants of technological wastewaters and, moreover, break through into natural waters following classical treatment systems. The removal of harmful organic pollutants has forced the development of new methodologies known as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Among them, the Fenton and Fenton-like reactions are usually modified by the use of a higher hydrogen peroxide concentration and through different catalysts. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on degradation rates in a Fenton-like system of alkylimidazolium ionic liquids with alkyl chains of varying length and 3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium chloride. Materials and methods  The ionic liquids were oxidized in dilute aqueous solution in the presence of two different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. All reactions were performed in the dark to prevent photoreduction of Fe(III). The concentrations of ionic liquids during the process were monitored with high-performance liquid chromatography. Preliminary degradation pathways were studied with the aid of ¹H NMR. Results  Degradation of ionic liquids in this system was quite effective. Increasing the H₂O₂ concentration from 100 to 400 mM improved ionic liquid degradation from 57–84% to 87–100% after 60 min reaction time. Resistance to degradation was weaker, the shorter the alkyl chain. Discussion  The compound omimCl was more resistant to oxidation then other compounds, which suggests that the oxidation rates of imidazolium ionic liquids by OH· are structure-dependent and are correlated with the n-alkyl chain length substituted at the N-1-position. The level of degradation was dependent on the type of head group. Replacing the imidazolium head group with pyridinium increased resistance to degradation. Nonetheless, lengthening the alkyl chain from four to eight carbons lowered the rate of ionic liquid degradation to a greater extent than changing the head group from imidazolium to pyridinium. 1H-NMR spectra show, in the first stage of degradation, that it is likely that radical attack is nonspecific, with any one of the carbon atoms in the ring and the n-alkyl chain being susceptible to attack. Conclusions  The proposed method has proven to be an efficient and reliable method for the degradation of imidazolium ionic liquids by a Fenton-like reagent deteriorated with lengthening n-alkyl substituents and by replacing the imidazolium head group with pyridinium. The enhanced resistance of 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium chloride when the resistance of imidazolium ionic liquids decreases with increasing H₂O₂ concentration is probably indicative of a change in the degradation mechanism in a vigorous Fenton-like system. H-NMR spectra showed, in the first stage of degradation, that radical attack is nonspecific, with any one of the carbon atoms in the ring and the n-alkyl chain being susceptible to attack. Recommendations and perspectives  Since ionic liquids are now one of the most promising alternative chemicals of the future, the degradation and waste management studies should be integrated into a general development research of these chemicals. In the case of imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids that are known to be resistant to bio- or thermal degradation, studies in the field of AOPs should assist the future structural design as well as tailor the technological process of these chemicals     

Assessment of present and future risk to Italian forests and human health: Modelling and mapping

A review of ozone pollution in Italy shows levels largely above the thresholds established by EU regulation for vegetation and human health protection. The Italian air quality monitoring network appears quantitatively inadequate to cover all the territorial surface, because of scarcity and unequal distribution of monitoring sites. By applying the integrated assessment model RAINS-Italy to the year 2000, the whole of Italy exceeds the AOT40 critical level for forest, while Northern and central areas show strong potential of O₃ impact on human health with ∼11% of territory >10 O₃-induced premature deaths. Two scenarios for the year 2020, the Current Legislation and the Maximum Technical Feasible Reduction, show a reduction of AOT40Forest by 29% and 44%, SOMO35 by 31% and 47%, and O₃-induced premature deaths by 32% and 48%, compared to 2000. RAINS-Italy can be used to improve the map quality and cover areas not reached by the national monitoring network.     

模拟车用工况下5kW燃料电池尾气净化系统

模拟了车用工况下燃料电池发动机脉冲式排氢的特点,设计开发了一套质子交换膜燃料电池的尾气净化系统,并以5 kW燃料电池的尾气排放为例,研究其净化效果。研究了电池阳极排放氢气缓冲前后尾气中氢气浓度的变化,以及不同空速条件下氢气的去除效果。结果表明：电堆阳极排放氢气经过缓冲处理后,尾气中氢气浓度趋于平稳,大部分工况下处在2%以下,达到了安全处理的要求;尾气中氢气的去除效果与空速密切相关。对自制的整体式催化剂而言,当空速低于20000 h^-1时,氢气的去除率能达到约95%,而当空速达到39270 h^-1时,氢气的去除率仅为10.9%。鉴于这一问题,提出通过采用尾排空气的分流手段调整催化燃烧反应器对空速的要求,以提高尾气中氢气的去除率。     

某钢厂烧结烟气脱硫系统滤袋失效原因分析

分析了聚苯硫醚自身特性,从而了解目前烧结烟气脱硫系统袋式除尘器中选择其作为滤料的原因。并就目前某钢厂烧结烟气脱硫系统实际发生的滤袋失效问题,通过扫描电镜、EDS能谱分析及烧失量实验对滤袋进行分析,发现材料中混入的玻璃纤维是造成其失效的主要原因,为今后实际工程中滤袋的选择提供依据,从而尽量减少不必要的损失,确保烟气脱硫项目的正常运行。