煤炭行业推行清洁生产的紧迫性及对策研究

通过对煤炭资源开发利用特征及其对生态环境破坏的现状分析,说明煤炭开采造成的生态破坏已成为我国可持续发展的制约因素.分析了煤炭行业推行清洁生产的必要性,并根据当前煤炭行业清洁生产中存在的问题,提出相应的对策.     

Continuous biohydrogen production from diluted molasses in an anaerobic contact reactor

An anaerobic contact reactor (ACR) system comprising a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with settler to decouple the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from solids retention time (SRT) was developed for fermentative hydrogen production from diluted molasses by mixed microbial cultures. The ACR was operated at various volumetric loading rates (VLRs) of 20–44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1 with constant HRT of 6 h under mesophilic conditions of 35°C. The SRT was maintained at about 46–50 h in the system. At the initial VLR of 20 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, the hydrogen production rate dropped from 22.6 to 1.58 L·d^-1 as the hydrogen was consumed by the hydrogentrophic methanogen. After increasing the VLR to 28 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1 and discharging the sludge for 6 consecutive times, the hydrogentrophic methanogens were eliminated, and the hydrogen content reached 36.4%. As the VLR was increased to 44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, the hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield increased to 42.1 L·d^-1 and 1.40 mol H₂·molglucose-consumed^-1, respectively. The results showed that a stable ethanol-type fermentation that favored hydrogen production in the reactor was thus established with the sludge loading rate (SLR) of 2.0–2.5 kgCOD·kgMLVSS^-1·d^-1. It was found that the ethanol increased more than other liquid fermentation products, and the ethanol/acetic acid (mol/mol) ratio increased from 1.27 to 2.45 when the VLR increased from 28 to 44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, whereas the hydrogen composition decreased from 40.4% to 36.4%. The results suggested that the anaerobic contact reactor was a promising bioprocess for fermentative hydrogen production.     

移动电极电除尘器除尘效率的计算

移动电极静电除尘器通过清灰刷除掉阳极板上收集的粉尘,阳极系统为移动电极（即作回转运动的集尘极）阳极板呈带条状,固定在链条上,随链轮转动。移动电极静电除尘器有效克服了困扰常规电除尘器对高比电阻粉尘的反电晕及振打二次扬尘等问题,大幅度提高了除尘效率。提供常规固定电极除尘区与移动电极除尘区联合使用的除尘器除尘效率计算公式。     

新疆某油田企业两轮清洁生产审核效益分析

新疆某油田企业于2007年进行了第一轮清洁生产审核工作,确定了清洁生产方案14项,其中无／低费方案9项,中／高费方案5项,产生的直接、间接经济效益总计为4057．27万元／a。该企业于2011年完成了第二轮清洁生产审核,确定了清洁生产方案14项,其中无／低费方案6项,中／高费方案8项,总计清洁生产方案产生经济效益1954．142万元／a。通过两轮清洁生产审核工作,企业产生了较好的经济效益与环境效益。     

不同类型区农用地整治对农田生产能力的影响

以产能提高为核心的农用地整治已上升为国家层面的重要战略之一。通过建立农用地整治影响下的农田生产能力估算模型,定量评价湖北省内平原、丘陵及山地3种不同类型区农用地整治对农田生产能力的影响,结果表明:①农用地整治后,山地型整治区农田生产能力提高168.91%,丘陵型整治区提高57.78%,平原型整治区提高38.32%;②平原型整治区基础设施要素提高最大,为78.62%;丘陵型整治区水资源要素提高最大,为75%;山地型整治区基础设施要素提高最大,为199.12%;③总体上,基础设施要素对农田生产能力的贡献率都最大。建议国家农用地整治在政策上适当增加对山地型和丘陵型整治区的重视,项目区应合理配套农村居民点整治工程,并尽量避免生态损失。     

Pesticide-induced alterations of hemopoietic functions in Anabas testudineus inhabiting wetlands in agricultural landscape

The unrestricted use of agrochemicals in crop fields lowers the overall prospects of survival and yield of wetland fish species like Anabas testudineus. In the present study, the impact of different doses of SUMIDON-40, an organophosphate (OP) pesticide on the hematopoiesis of Anabas testudineus has been examined. The small lymphoid hemoblast and consequently the polychromatophilic erythroblasts decreased significantly at both sublethal and LC₅₀ dose-treated fish. The percentage of mature erythrocyte also fell significantly in the pesticide-treated groups. The erythropoietic efficiency was increased in fish exposed to sublethal dose but fell in fish exposed to LC50 dose. Among leucocytes, the percentage of neutrophils rose in Anabas testudineus in both treatment groups and percentage of macrophage decreased significantly only in LC₅₀ dose-treated group. The percentage of lymphocyte increased significantly in sublethal dose-treated groups. The overall leukopoietic efficiency, however, was elevated significantly in both treatment groups. These facts clearly indicated that pesticides affected the overall process of hematopoiesis in this fish species. Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle in pronephric kidney cells confirmed changes in percentage of cell death and DNA synthesis following pesticide exposure. Data indicate that habitat deterioration from agrochemicals impedes the hematopoiesis in this species resulting in reduced tolerance in their usually hypoxic habitat environment.     

土壤净化槽对农村污水中内分泌干扰物的去除效果

以土壤净化槽污水处理系统为研究对象,采用固相萃取-色谱质谱检测方法,分析了云南洱海流域农村污水中3种天然雌激素类内分泌干扰物〔E1(雌酮)、E2(雌二醇)和E3(雌三醇)〕和2种人工合成内分泌干扰物〔EE2(炔雌醇)和BPA(双酚A)〕的质量浓度与去除效果. 结果表明,洱海流域农村污水中天然雌激素的质量浓度远高于人工合成内分泌干扰物,E1与E2为污水中天然雌激素内分泌干扰物的主要成分,占87.1%~99.2%. 土壤净化槽对天然雌激素类内分泌干扰物、EE2和BPA的净化能力分别为1.42~168.21、0.64和3.48mg/(m2·a). E1、E2和E3在土壤中的平均残留率分别为4.3%、6.3%和3.8%,其中90%以上的雌激素物质在土壤净化槽系统中被降解或转化. 土壤净化槽对天然雌激素、EE2和BPA的平均去除率分别为70.3%、63.6%和77.8%,对常规污染物COD_Cr(69.8%)、TP(88.7%)、TN(57.2%)和NH₃-N(88.7%)的去除效果也较好. 土壤净化槽可以有效去除村落污水中的内分泌干扰物、有机物以及氮磷污染物,对削减村镇面源污染、减少入湖污染负荷以及改善流域内的水环境质量具有重要作用.      

珠江三角洲印刷行业VOCs组分排放清单及关键活性组分

根据珠江三角洲地区印刷行业活动数据和不锈钢罐采样-气质联用技术,获取了印刷工艺VOCs成分谱,建立了该地区2010年印刷行业VOCs组分排放清单,研究了不同工艺排放的臭氧生成潜势. 结果表明:该地区2010年印刷行业VOCs排放总量达8591.26t,深圳、东莞、佛山排放量较大.凹印是印刷行业主要VOCs排放工艺,排放量达5762.01t;平印和凸印次之,分别为1954.01和37.82t.不同工艺排放的VOCs组分差异较大,平印工艺排放的VOCs成分中异丙醇含量最多(306.58t),其次为正庚烷(115.87t);苯和甲苯是凸印工艺排放的VOCs成分中含量最大的2种化合物,分别达5.58和4.83t;乙酸乙酯是凹印工艺排放的VOCs成分中的首要化合物,达2482.85t.凸印工艺排放的VOCs单位浓度臭氧潜势最大,达1.30μg/m3,平印和凹印较小,分别为0.89和0.72μg/m3,各工艺排放的含氧有机物对臭氧生成潜势的贡献均为最大.      

我国原铝冶炼行业温室气体排放模型

我国原铝冶炼行业产业集中度较低,生产水平参差不齐,随着国内原铝产量不断增加,原铝行业碳排放及其计算方法备受关注. 针对我国原铝冶炼过程原料类型、能源结构复杂的特点,对国内外已有碳排放核算框架进行细化,从物料、工序、工艺3个层面构建了复杂的原铝冶炼系统温室气体排放计算模型. 在广泛文献调研的基础上,选取典型原铝冶炼企业开展现场调研及专家咨询,进而形成模型的基础数据库. 利用上述模型对我国2011年原铝冶炼过程碳排放进行核算. 结果表明:综合考虑氧化铝生产工艺结构、电解铝行业分布区域的电网能源结构,我国原铝冶炼系统CO₂排放因子(以铝锭计)为14.70t/t. 电解铝生产过程电耗相关排放占70%,南方电网区域电解铝生产电耗相关CO₂排放分别比华中、华北地区低13%、30%. 原铝冶炼行业可通过优先选用碳排放因子较低的物料、淘汰落后氧化铝工艺、开发引进低温低电压工艺技术等手段,进一步实现物料、工序及工艺的多层次温室气体减排.      

g 辐照预处理促进剩余污泥发酵产氢的研究

为降低能耗,提高辐照技术的经济性,探讨了在0~9.5kGy范围内,γ辐照剂量对生活污水处理厂二沉池剩余污泥中耗氢菌的抑制效果和对发酵产氢的影响,建立了描述发酵产氢过程及辐照影响的动力学模型.结果表明,γ辐照剂量从0增加至9.5kGy时,污泥溶解率从0增加至4%,上清液中可检测出一定的蛋白质和多糖等物质,其中蛋白质中的氮素占溶出总氮素的90%,表明较低剂量辐照即对污泥菌体造成较明显的破解,这可在一定程度上抑制无法形成芽孢的耗氢菌活性;与之相对应的是污泥发酵产氢能力的明显提升,以葡萄糖为底物(1.0g/L),在35℃和初始pH值为7.0时,当辐射剂量仅为0.5kGy时,累积产氢量即比未辐照时有70%的提升,进一步增加辐照剂量至5kGy,累计产氢量和产氢得率均继续增长且达到最大值,分别为240mL/g葡萄糖和1.93mLH2/mol葡萄糖(发酵液的污泥量达2.0g VSS/L);此后,污泥发酵产氢能力随辐射剂量的增加而降低.修正的Logistic模型能很好地描述本研究中累积产氢量随时间的变化规律,而修正的Han-Levenspiel模型能很好地描述辐照剂量对平均产氢速率的影响.