小浪底水库水沙调控期滨河湿地地下水与河水转化关系

以小浪底水库下游武陟湿地为研究区,综合运用数理统计、水文地球化学和同位素技术相结合的方法,研究了小浪底水库水沙调控期滨河湿地地下水与河水转化关系.结果表明,小浪底水库调水调沙期间下游水体阳离子以Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主.调水调沙初期河水水化学类型为HCO₃-Na·Ca·Mg型,地下水水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca·Mg·Na型;调水调沙中期和末期河水均为HCO₃·SO₄-Na·Mg型,地下水均为HCO₃-Na·Mg型.水库水沙调控过程中,水体的水化学组分从受碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物溶解的共同作用过渡到以碳酸盐岩溶解为主.随着调水调沙的进行,河水与近岸带地下水的氢氧同位素组成逐渐富集,表明河水来源于上游水库表层水和大气降水,地下水则受到河水与大气降水的共同补给.在上游来水与水文地质条件等因素影响下,滨河湿地地下水与河水之间的转化主要发生在近岸带（距离河岸0~100 m内）,表现为河水补给地下水,随着调水调沙的进行,河水对地下水的补给增强.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

中国城乡人口与建设用地的时空变化及其耦合特征研究

1990 年代中后期以来的快速城镇化进程对我国城乡人地关系产生了重要影响,深入分析该过程中的城乡人口与土地变化及其关联特征具有重要意义。论文应用脱钩理论及其相关模型,重点分析2000-2008 年我国城乡建设用地变化及其与城乡人口变化的耦合关系。研究表明：25 个省区城市建设用地增长率高于人口增长率,两者协调性欠佳,呈现弱脱钩状态;农村居民点用地并没有随着农村人口的减少而减少,约一半省区呈现强脱钩状态,11 个省区呈现衰退脱钩状态;城乡人口与建设用地变化的关系可划分为7 种类型,其中有1/3 的省区人口与建设用地变化关系极不协调。论文认为,财税体制和官员晋升/考核机制不完善、城乡规划管控不力、城乡二元制度根深蒂固是造成前述问题的重要原因;新时期协调城乡人口与建设用地变化的可持续途径在于,遵循人口、产业、城镇、社会发展的客观规律,积极推进财税/绩效体制改革,科学划定城市空间增长边界,逐步消除城乡二元结构体制,有序推进城乡土地统筹置换。     

大气污染对居民健康影响研究进展

随着经济飞速发展,中国面临严峻的大气污染形势,这给人群健康造成极大威胁.本文在梳理国内外文献的基础上,从研究内容和方法出发归纳评述大气污染对居民健康的影响.从中可以发现,当前研究内容集中在宏观区域层面健康损失核算、健康损失的经济代价评估及控制大气污染的潜在健康收益等方面,微观个体层面的研究相对匮乏.其中,微观个体层面又以国外流行病案例研究为主,国内研究尚处于定性的起步阶段.大气污染对居民健康影响的定量评估方法呈增多趋势,除元分析、泊松回归、人力资本法、支付意愿法和疾病成本法外,投入产出和可计算的一般均衡模型等也得到广泛应用.总体来看,大气污染对居民健康的毒性作用机制主要表现为长期慢性和短期急性效应,同时也涉及社会经济、自然条件、行为偏好及个体生理等诸多要素,虽然当前研究深度和广度大为拓展,但未来仍需加强国内流行病案例研究、注重宏观区域与微观个体的融合、聚焦健康视角下污染物削减分配及重视基础数据库建设等,以期为构建系统的大气污染与居民健康分析框架奠定基础.     

河岸带地下水理化指标变化及与洪水的响应关系研究

河岸带地下水和河水存在复杂的交互作用,地下水和地表水存在明显的补排关系,洪水事件是影响河岸带地下水水质波动的重要水文过程.以黄河湿地国家级自然保护区孟津湿地为对象,通过河岸带地下理化指标(特别是小浪底水库调水调沙期间)野外定位观测,深入分析了河岸带地下水水质与洪水的响应关系.结果表明,受河流与荷塘蓄水的影响,地下水温度...     

Characterization of surface runoff from a subtropics urban catchment

Characteristics of surface runoff from a 0.14-km^2 urban catchment with separated sewer in Macau was investigated. Water quality measurements of surface runoff were carried out on five rainfall events during the period of August to November, 2005. Water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, TSS, COD, TN, Zn, Pb, and Cu were analyzed. The results show that TN and COD are the major pollutants from surface runoff with mean concentration of 8.5 and 201.4 mg/L, both over 4-fold higher compared to the Class V surface water quality standard developed by China SEPA. Event mean concentration （EMC） for major pollutants showed considerable variations between rainfall events. The largest rainfall event with the longest length of antecedent dry weather period （ADWP） produced the highest EMC of TN, TSS and COD. From the pollutographs analysis, the peak concentration of TN precedes the peak runoff flow rate for all three rainfall events. The tendency of the concentration of TSS, turbidity and COD changing with runoff flow varies between rainfall events. The relationship between TSS and other parameters were analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of the physical treatment process to control the surface runoff in the urban catchment. Based on the correlation of parameters with TSS, high treatment efficiency of TSS, TN and COD was expected. The most significant event in term of first flush is the one with the strongest rainfall intensity and longest length of ADWP. TN always showed first flush phenomenon in all three rainfall events, which suggested that the surface runoff in the early stage of surface runoff should be dealt with for controlling TN losses during rainfall events.     

内蒙阿拉善地区植物与土壤元素背景值特征及其相互关系

内蒙阿拉善地区植物、土壤的元素背景特征及其相互关系的研究结果表明：５３种植物的９种元素（Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｒ、Ｖ、Ｍｎ）背景含量有很大差异．不同生活型植物背景值也各异，总的规律为：Ｍｎ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｖ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｎｉ＞Ｃｒ＞Ｐｂ＞Ｃｏ＞Ｃｄ；同种植物的元素含量在不同群落中有明显差别，但都在同一个数量级．土壤９种元素的背景含量均以Ｍｎ含量最高，其次为Ｚｎ和Ｖ，Ｃｄ的含量最低；不同上类各剖面各种元素的垂直分布规律为底层或表层的元素含量高于中间各层．土壤元素背景值都高于植物背景值，前者一般为后者的２～２０倍．植物对元素的吸收系数以Ｃｄ最大，Ｃｒ最小．土壤元素含量与有机质含量的相关性因土类不同而异：沙土的有机质含量最低，只有Ｚｎ含量与有机质相关性显著；而盐土的有机质含量最高，有Ｃｏ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ｚｎ６种元素含量与之显著相关．     

苯砜基化合物溶解度和分配系数的测定与估算

本文应用线溶剂化能相关法研究了３２种类砜基化合物的溶解度及分配系数与溶剂化显色参数之间的相关性，结果表明，溶解度和分配系数与溶剂化显色参数呈良好的线性关系，测定值与估算值吻合得很好。     

二苯甲酮类紫外防晒剂发光菌急性毒性及QSAR研究

二苯甲酮类化合物广泛用于防晒剂、塑料添加剂、香味剂等。随着紫外防晒产品的大量使用,其环境及健康风险越来越受到人们的关注。为揭示二苯甲酮类污染物的毒性特征,选择了14种二苯甲酮类化合物作为目标化合物,测试了它们对发光细菌的急性毒性效应。分别运用二维、三维定量构效相关技术和分子对接技术探讨了目标化合物的分子结构特征对毒性效应的影响。结果表明14种二苯甲酮类化合物对发光菌急性毒性的EC50值在17.67到243.82 mg·L-1范围内,其中2-羟基-4-甲氧基-5-磺酸基二苯甲酮的急性毒性最低,2,2',4,4'-四羟基二苯甲酮的毒性最高。羟基取代的二苯甲酮化合物的急性毒性随着分子中羟基数量的增加而升高;具有相同羟基数量的二苯甲酮类化合物,羟基位于苯环4-位时毒性最高,3-位时次之,2-位时毒性最低。QSAR结果表明,运用静电场、氢键受体场和氢键供体场能很好解释这类化合物的毒性特征,若在苯环4-位引入带正电荷的官能团、在苯环2-,4-位引入氢键受体,都将导致毒性升高。上述研究结果将为科学评价该类化合物的潜在生态风险提供基础数据。