有机磷农药毒性预测模型研究

选用化合物分子拓扑学的信息理论指数、价分子连接性指数，运用多元非线性回归分析，对１１４种有机磷农药大鼠经口、小鼠经口及大鼠经皮急性毒性ＬＤ５０、神经毒性作用进行了定量预测分析。回归模型相关指数Ｒ＾２均在０．８１以上，残差呈正态分布，预测效果满意，显示了系统具有较强的预测能力。     

气候变化对秦皇岛地区降水量影响分析

以秦皇岛市为例,研究了气候变暖对地表降水量的影响.通过对51年来秦皇岛市气候、降水材料的分析得出结论:秦皇岛市近年来明显变暖,年平均气温上升约2℃,同时气候变干,降水量减少18.3%;气候变化会引起水循环的变化及水资源在时空上的重新分布以及水资源总量的改变,对流域内的水资源量影响十分显著.     

基于数量关系研究铝合金船体点蚀对拉伸性能的影响

目的 通过点蚀与拉伸性能的数量关系,为5083铝合金船体不同腐蚀状态板材相应修换要求的提出提供数据支持.方法 对服役10 a的某型艇船体5083铝合金板,进行点蚀特征参数统计,并测试其拉伸性能.对四个点蚀参数与拉伸强度损失的关系进行拟合回归分析及相关性分析,找出相应的数量关系.结果 由拟合回归分析可知,最大点蚀深度数据样本与拟合曲线较契合,与拉伸性能的相关度最高.另外得出了点蚀参数与拉伸强度损失之间的函数关系,可以估计相应的指标.由相关性分析可知,最大点蚀深度与拉伸强度的相关系数大于0.9,属于强相关.自变量中,最大点蚀深度和平均点蚀深度这两个指标出现一定程度的冗余.结论 点蚀特征及拉伸性能数量关系的研究可以为铝合金船体板的拉伸性能进行相关预测,并可为铝合金船体板的耐蚀寿命研究提供依据.     

总有机碳与生化需氧量相互关系的实验研究

本文通过平行的生化培养试验证实,在“参与耗氧的含碳有机物”这一意义下,TOC和BOD是等价的,两者均服从一阶动力学过程并具有相同的降解速率常数,两者之间通过TOC的耗氧系数α和不可生化量b而存在线性的一般关系:BOD_5=α·(TOC—b)·exp(-5k_1).以在研究中关于BOD_5,与TOC的比值关系只是这一线性关系的特例.     

THE APPLICABILITY OF MORTON'S AND PENMAN'S EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATES IN RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING1

ABSTRACT: Estimates of the upper constraint on actual evapotranspiration are required as input data in the majority of rainfall-runoff models. This paper compares and discusses the applicability of Penman's potential evapotranspiration estimates and Morton's wet environment evapotranspiration estimates in rainfall-runoff modeling applications. Morton's wet environment evapotranspiration depends only on the atmospheric variables and is the estimate of evapotranspiration that would occur when water supply is not limiting. It is a conceptually more correct representation of the upper constraint on actual evapotranspiration compared to Penman's potential evapotranspiration which is dependent on the water supply to the soil-plant surfaces. Although Penman's potential evapotranspiration and Morton's wet environment evapotranspiration are two different quantities, comparison of the two estimates using data from different climatic regions throughout Australia indicate that they provide similar magnitudes of the upper limit of actual evapotranspiration at moderate climatic conditions when reliable estimates are required in rainfall-runoff models. The two estimates can therefore be used interchangeably in rainfall-runoff modeling applications.     

RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION AS A FUNCTION OF PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY1

ABSTRACT: This research examines what is hypothesized as a critical factor in reservoir sedimentation - precipitation variability. The coefficient of variation for annual precipitation, computed for the period relating to sedimentation, is regressed against sediment yields for several reservoirs over a wide range of environmental settings. A significant linear relationship results, and when precipitation variability is combined with several additional variables available from reservoir summary sheets, almost 83% of the total variation in sediment yield is accounted for. It is suggested that the coefficient of variation for annual precipitation fulfills a direct process role when modeling reservoir sedimentation much more effectively than annual precipitation or runoff.     

Small sample estimation for Taylor's power law

An analysis of counts of sample size N=2 arising from a survey of the grass Bromus commutatus identified several factors which might seriously affect the estimation of parameters of Taylor's power law for such small sample sizes. The small sample estimation of Taylor's power law was studied by simulation. For each of five small sample sizes, N=2, 3, 5, 15 and 30, samples were simulated from populations for which the underlying known relationship between variance and mean was given by ² = c^d. One thousand samples generated from the negative binomial distribution were simulated for each of the six combinations of c=1,2 and 11, and d=1, 2, at each of four mean densities, =0.5, 1, 10 and 100, giving 4000 samples for each combination. Estimates of Taylor's power law parameters were obtained for each combination by regressing log₁₀ s ² on log₁₀ m, where s ² and m are the sample variance and mean, respectively. Bias in the parameter estimates, b and log₁₀ a, reduced as N increased and increased with c for both values of d and these relationships were described well by quadratic response surfaces. The factors which affect small-sample estimation are: (i) exclusion of samples for which m = s ² = 0; (ii) exclusion of samples for which s ² = 0, but m > 0; (iii) correlation between log₁₀ s ² and log₁₀ m; (iv) restriction on the maximum variance expressible in a sample; (v) restriction on the minimum variance expressible in a sample; (vi) underestimation of log₁₀ s ² for skew distributions; and (vii) the limited set of possible values of m and s ². These factors and their effect on the parameter estimates are discussed in relation to the simulated samples. The effects of maximum variance restriction and underestimation of log₁₀ s ² were found to be the most severe. We conclude that Taylor's power law should be used with caution if the majority of samples from which s ² and m are calculated have size, N, less than 15. An example is given of the estimated effect of bias when Taylor's power law is used to derive an efficient sampling scheme.     

中国工业碳排放强度变化的结构因素解析

以1986-2016年为研究时段,将41个工业部门归类为16个部门,在运用CKC模型分析各部门产值与其CO₂排放量关系的基础上,建立以碳排放部门结构、碳排放系数、能源消费强度以及产值部门结构为因素的工业碳排放强度kaya分解模型,运用LMDI法分析不同因素对中国工业碳排放强度变化的贡献。研究发现:工业不同部门产值与其CO₂排放量的关系不同。只有木材加工及家具制造业、造纸印刷及文教用品制造业和非金属矿物制品业呈现倒U型关系,机械交通电气电子设备制造业呈现倒N型关系,其余部门都呈现线性递增或单调递增关系。从工业碳排放强度变化的贡献因素看,非金属矿物制品、化学工业、医药工业、机械交通电气电子设备制造业和木材加工及家具制造业等资金和技术密集型行业的技术性CO₂减排效应显著。其他制造业、石油和天然气开采业、纺织服饰业和化纤及橡塑工业等以初级产品加工为主的行业的结构性CO₂减排效应显著,而石油加工炼焦和核燃料加工业、金属冶炼及制品业、电力煤气及水生产和供应业在产值与CO₂排放量的同步递增关系以及结构增长的共同作用下,CO₂减排效应不明显,需要在能源结构调整和利用效率提升方面密切关注。     

皖北地区乡村稀释化特征、影响因素及形成机制——基于城乡关系的视角

乡村稀释化是指城乡关系失衡下乡村人口持续减少、社会活力凋敝、人居空间不断被稀释的过程,是我国快速城镇化进程中乡村空间问题的动态化呈现,是新时代乡村地理学亟待深化研究的课题。基于城乡关系视角,从人口活力、土地利用和社会活动三个维度对皖北地区乡村稀释化进行测度,综合运用空间自相关、地理加权回归、地理探测器等方法,揭示皖北地区乡村稀释化时空特征、影响因素及形成机制。结果表明：（1）近10年皖北地区乡村稀释化呈现出阶段性加速化过程、多维度差异化状态、集聚性分异化空间格局等特征;（2）人均水资源量、农业从业人口密度、贫困发生率、城乡居民收入差异系数、单位乡村小学在校生人数、每万农村居民村卫生室医生数等要素对皖北地区乡村稀释化影响显著;（3）在特定城乡关系背景下,基于区域本底条件,城市系统的控制引导与乡村系统的被动响应共同推动了乡村稀释化的形成和蔓延。科学认知乡村稀释化,可为乡村振兴与城乡融合发展精准施策提供理论指导。     

A relict habitat became an isolated habitat in the Luoshan Nature Reserve from 1977 to 2017: Natural or man‐made disaster?

Understanding the ecological trends of the relict habitats in the Luoshan Nature Reserve (LNR) has an important role in the persistence of endangered species and the socio‐economic sustainability in the Ningxia section of the arid desertification belt in North China. Based on data from the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS)/Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)/Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensors (from 1977 to 2017), the MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and net primary productivity (NPP) (from 2000 to 2017), the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM), annual average air temperature and precipitation (from 1977 to 2017), typical anthropogenic factors (population size, cultivated land and residential area) and natural ecological elements (MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI/MODIS NDVI and NPP) were quantitatively contrasted and analyzed for potential correlations. Some indicators of human activities, ecological processes and landscape geography have changed in the LNR. The proportion of residential area increased 3.09‐fold from 1977 to 2017. The population increased 34.30‐fold due to ecological immigration policy implementation in the Hongsipu immigration district. Before immigration, cultivated land increased, but after immigration, this land decreased quickly. Most of the dry‐cultivated land was converted through afforestation and a small part of the land was converted to irrigate cultivation land. We conclude that natural evolution led to the ecological relics, the isolated management to the LNR has objectively created an ecological island that will accelerate inbreeding depression and reduce biodiversity.