从"两条主线论"考察中国文明进程

以可持续发展理论审视,在中国文明的发展进程中,除了存在传统史学所强调的“人与人”的关系这条主线外,还存在着“人与自然”关系的主线,本文以中国的若干重大历史事件为例证,初步论证了“人与人”和“人与自然”两条主线的相互作用关系是中国文明发展演变的主要驱动力。因此,实现人与人关系的公平和人与自然关系的和谐,是实现可持续发展的前提。     

PROMOTING GROUND WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION IN SMALL BUSINESSES1

ABSTRACT: Although they have not been the focus of major regulations, small businesses can contribute pollutants to ground water through routine practices. Because strict regulation of millions of micro firms is not likely, water resource professionals face a challenge of how to reach small business operators with effective pollution prevention messages. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that influence a small business operator to adopt measures that reduce potential ground water pollution. We looked at how information delivery, internal business characteristics, and external relationships are associated with voluntary preventive measures. Mail surveys from small businesses in New Jersey municipalities and interviews with business owners provided data about business characteristics and current pollution prevention activities. Findings suggested that businesses doing the most to prevent ground water pollution were generally more connected to external organizations and had more financial and technical resources. The study also discovered that small business owners fear government involvement in their affairs. The study concludes with recommendations to encourage more voluntary adoption of prevention measures by businesses. These center on separating assistance programs from enforcement and involving industry peer groups in an effort to make information available in a non-threatening manner.     

Identifying Determinants of Nations' Wetland Management Programs Using Structural Equation Modeling: An Exploratory Analysis

Integrated management and policy models suggest that solutions to environmental issues may be linked to the socioeconomic and political characteristics of a nation. In this study, we empirically explore these suggestions by applying them to the wetland management activities of nations. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate a model of national wetland management effort and one of national wetland protection. Using five predictor variables of social capital, economic capital, environmental and political characteristics, and land-use pressure, the multivariate models were able to explain 60% of the variation in nations' wetland protection efforts based on data from 90 nations, as defined by level of participation in the international wetland convention. Social capital had the largest direct effect on wetland protection efforts, suggesting that increased social development may eventually lead to better wetland protection. In contrast, increasing economic development had a negative linear relationship with wetland protection efforts, suggesting the need for explicit wetland protection programs as nations continue to focus on economic development. Government, environmental characteristics, and land-use pressure also had a positive direct effect on wetland protection, and mediated the effect of social capital on wetland protection. Explicit wetland protection policies, combined with a focus on social development, would lead to better wetland protection at the national level.     

太湖流域水环境演变与人类活动耦合关系

太湖流域水环境与人类活动之间存在相互制约、相互作用的关系。从 2 0世纪 6 0年代起 ,随着经济的发展、工业化与城市化进程的加速 ,流域水环境不断恶化 ,具有表征意义的太湖水体的TP ,TN ,COD浓度不断上升。本文把环境演变的人文驱动因素归纳为人口发展、经济发展、城市化、土地利用等 ,将其与太湖流域水环境耦合 ,得出探讨性结论 :太湖流域人类活动与水环境之间的互动关系大致经历了干预、干预—弱制约、干预—制约、干预—强制约四个阶段 ,每个阶段对应着不同的人类活动特征。流域水环境恶化经历了几十年 ,而水环境修复则需要人类更长时期的共同努力     

REVERSIBLE ADSORPTION OF AQUEOUS DIVALENT COPPER ION BY ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS1

Sediments were equilibrated with solutions containing divalent copper ion. A colorimetric method using the triethylenete-tramine complex of the metal ion was employed to measure changes in uptake of copper by the sediments. Studies were made with sediments from rivers in the British Isles which were in the proximity of areas which had been mined for metals for several hundred years. For comparison, similar studies were performed with a sample of sand and a soil with a high organic content. It was possible to follow the uptake of copper ion by the materials and estimate their abilities to adsorb copper ion. In particular, a strong correlation was observed between the organic content of the sediment and the total amount of copper adsorbed by the sample. Under the employed circumstances it was possible to demonstrate that the adsorption of the metal ion was reversible.     

乌江中上游底栖硅藻群落与阴阳离子、重金属间的关系

首次对乌江中上游底栖硅藻群落组成特点进行定量系统研究,得知其组成基本上呈种类多、丰度小,种类少、丰度大的分布状况。对底栖硅藻丰度和八种离子、重金属间关系进行定量分析后知Hg元素是影响底栖硅藻丰度的第一显著因子,建立了底栖硅藻丰度-汞元素曲线回归方程。可为用硅藻监测、评价河流水质提供理论基础,并为水质预警的硅藻生物指标的研究提供科学依据。     

新疆绿洲生态环境与经济发展的协调关系分析

建立新疆绿洲生态环境质量综合评价指标体系和经济发展水平综合评价指标体系,利用熵值法分别测度2000年-2010年新疆绿洲生态环境质量综合水平和经济发展综合水平,在此基础上利用协调模型,测度两者的协调度和协调发展度,进而分析两者的协调关系。分析结果显示:新疆绿洲生态环境质量综合水平缓慢下降,经济发展综合水平不断上升;两者的协调关系从中级协调-优质协调-中级协调,协调发展度表明两者的协调处于相对低层次的协调。     

压实坡积土的应力应变关系三维曲面初步研究

对两组不同含水量的压实坡积土样进行三轴CD试验,利用试验得到的ε1～q曲线以及体应变εv、剪应变εr、平均正应力p和广义剪应力q等数据,通过神经网络反演,并采用可视化处理技术,得到试样的部分应力应变关系三维曲面,为三维数值建模研究创造条件。     

Estimating net primary production and annual plant carbon inputs, and modelling future changes in soil carbon stocks in arable farmlands of northern Japan

Soil C sequestration in croplands is deemed to be one of the most promising greenhouse gas mitigation options for Japan's agriculture. In this context, changes in soil C stocks in northern Japan's arable farming area over the period of 1971-2010, specifically in the region's typical Andosol (volcanic ash-derived) and non-Andosol soils, were simulated using soil-type-specific versions of the Rothamsted carbon model (RothC). The models were then used to predict the effects, over the period of 2011-2050, of three potential management scenarios: (i) baseline: maintenance of present crop residue returns and green manure crops, as well as composted cattle manure C inputs (24-34 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ applied on 3-55% of arable land according to crop), (ii) cattle manure: all arable fields receive 20 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of composted cattle manure, increased C inputs from crop residues and present C inputs from green manure are assumed, and (iii) minimum input: all above-ground crop residues removed, no green manure crop, no cattle manure applied. Above- and below-ground residue biomass C inputs contributed by 8 major crops, and oats employed as a green manure crop, were drawn from yield statistics recorded at the township level and crop-specific allometric relationships (e.g. ratio of above-ground residue biomass to harvested biomass on a dry weight basis). Estimated crop net primary production (NPP) ranged from 1.60 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for adzuki bean to 8.75 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for silage corn. For the whole region (143 × 10³ ha), overall NPP was estimated at 952 ± 60 Gg C yr⁻¹ (6.66 ± 0.42 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Plant C inputs to the soil also varied widely amongst the crops, ranging from 0.50 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for potato to 3.26 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for winter wheat. Annual plant C inputs to the soil were estimated at 360 ± 45 Gg C yr⁻¹ (2.52 ± 0.32 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), representing 38% of the cropland NPP. The RothC simulations suggest that the region's soil C stock (0-30 cm horizon), across all soils, has decreased from 13.96 Tg C (107.5 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in 1970 to 12.46 Tg C (96.0 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in 2010. For the baseline, cattle manure and minimum input scenarios, soil C stocks of 12.13, 13.27 and 9.82 Tg C, respectively, were projected for 2050. Over the period of 2011-2050, compared to the baseline scenario, soil C was sequestered (+0.219 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) by enhanced cattle manure application, but was lost (−0.445 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) under the minimum input scenario. The effect of variations of input data (monthly mean temperature, monthly precipitation, plant C inputs and cattle manure C inputs) on the uncertainty of model outputs for each scenario was assessed using a Monte Carlo approach. Taking into account the uncertainty (standard deviation as % of the mean) for the model's outputs for 2050 (5.1-6.1%), it is clear that the minimum input scenario would lead to a rapid decrease in soil C stocks for arable farmlands in northern Japan.     

咪唑类离子液体系列对卤虫的急性毒性研究

选取卤虫作为实验生物,研究了1-丁基,1-辛基,1-十二烷基-3甲基咪唑盐酸盐( [Cnmim][Cl](n = 4,8,12) ) 3种离子液体的暴露对卤虫个体存活率的影响.同时,选取了实验室常用的有机试剂甲醇和乙腈,无机化学品重铬酸钾作为阳性对照.根据剂量效应曲线的拟合结果发现,受试离子液体系列随着咪唑环上烃基侧链碳原子数的增加,对卤虫的毒性效应也相应增强,3种离子液体对卤虫的LC50-24h依次为171.1,133.6,17.76μg/mL.离子液体对卤虫的LC50-24h比甲醇(LC50-24h=84.83mg/mL)和乙腈(LC50-24h=52.84mg/mL)低了2~3个数量级,重铬酸钾对卤虫的(LC50-24h=16.87μg/mL)与离子液体对卤虫的LC50-24h处于同一水平.